In a randomized human trial in Nepal, researchers followed children after a single dose of typhoid conjugate vaccine and measured blood antibodies for up to five years. Antibody levels fell over time but remained above baseline in most participants; the study did not directly measure protection against typhoid illness.
Concrete containing biochar made from faecal sludge remained dimensionally stable over 120 days and showed stronger mechanical performance at some replacement levels. The researchers also reported lower heavy-metal concentrations as biochar content increased, suggesting it may reduce the release of harmful substances.
A sediment record from a lake in southern Iceland suggests its insect community remained broadly stable through two centuries of agricultural intensification. Statistical warning signs of growing instability increased, but the lake did not reach a detected ecological tipping point.
Drivers given detailed ecodriving tips used 11.3% less energy than drivers given no tips while driving a battery-powered Nissan LEAF. The detailed advice also led to steadier speeds, more moderate throttle use and larger reported gains in ecodriving knowledge.
Wild chimpanzees with overlapping visual gestures appeared to share repertoires for reasons beyond repeated exposure and reinforcement. The findings are more consistent with the idea that cues such as vocalizations, gestures and waiting for a response help chimpanzees infer communicative goals in uncertain social situations.
A study of 37 vessels from an early Mesopotamian institutional site found evidence of meals containing ruminant and other animal products, freshwater resources, plants and dairy. Tree-resin compounds suggest that resin was routinely used to flavor or process food.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials in people with advanced thyroid carcinoma examined tyrosine kinase inhibitors, a group of targeted cancer medicines. Across 13 trials involving 2,671 people, these medicines were associated with longer progression-free survival and overall survival than placebo, although the studies differed considerably in their progression-free survival results. The findings apply to advanced thyroid carcinoma studied in clinical trials, not to all thyroid cancers or all patients.
A survey in ACM Computing Surveys examines how large language models could support scientists across five parts of the research process, from literature searches and experiments to peer review. It also describes limits, ethical concerns and risks to research integrity when generative AI is misused.
A study examines how countries moved hydrofluorocarbon governance from the UN climate regime to the Montreal Protocol through the Kigali Amendment. It argues that the ozone treaty’s practical advantages helped states overcome initial objections that it lacked authority over these substances.
Wolbachia infection allowed two genetically altered yeast strains that normally require added riboflavin, or vitamin B2, to grow without it. The infected strains also had a mild survival advantage when exposed to high salt or hydrogen peroxide, offering a model for studying interactions between hosts and internal bacteria.
Three popular AI language systems showed high accuracy across 12 languages, but their performance varied by language. Several Romance languages, including some with fewer digital resources, consistently outperformed English in the study.
Pallas’s cats continued to occur in Bogd Khan Mountain near Mongolia’s capital, despite activity by people, livestock and free-ranging dogs. Their presence was associated with red squirrel activity, while the study found no strong response to the human-disturbance measures it examined.
A research note examines how professional musicians in Athens were compelled to perform partisan music during Greece’s National Schism from 1915 to 1922. It introduces “acoustic coercion” to describe how informal violence and economic pressure can enforce political conformity in sound.
A systematic review and meta-analysis examined sodium supplementation among infants born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Across 12 studies involving more than 2,800 infants, supplementation was associated with improved weight gain and a lower risk of low blood sodium, but evidence about long-term development was very limited.
Researchers engineered a foreign carbon-fixing enzyme in a photosynthetic bacterium and identified variants with lower sensitivity to oxygen. Two high-performing variants were less efficient at oxygenation in laboratory tests, while one also increased the enzyme’s carbon-fixing turnover.
