Northwestern University

Clarifying the Concept of “Unanticipated Transfer to the ICU”: A Scoping Review

Unanticipated transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU), typically defined as an unscheduled escalation of care from inpatient general wards, is widely used in clinical research as a marker of adverse events, clinical deterioration, and system failure. However, its conceptual mea...

A fast radio burst at redshift 2, three billion years after the Big Bang

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond-duration radio transients from extragalactic sources. Their frequency and polarization properties are affected by plasma and magnetic fields along the line of sight to Earth. We report radio observations of FRB 20240304B and near-infrared...

Electric-Field-Induced Second-Harmonic Generation at Charged Interfaces: From Inception to the Eisenthal χ(3) Method and toward Interfacial Electrostatics: A Mini Review

Abstract Electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation (EFISH) has evolved from a fundamental nonlinear optical phenomenon into a powerful approach for probing the electrostatic and structural properties of charged interfaces. This Mini Review traces the historical developmen...

Tobacco Use is Associated with Anorectal Sensorimotor Dysfunction and Greater Fecal Incontinence Severity

Background: Tobacco use has been associated with a range of digestive symptoms and gastrointestinal smooth muscle dysfunction. However, the impact of tobacco use on fecal incontinence (FI) and anorectal function remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate whether tobacco use disrupts a...

Nicotine replacement therapy sampling for cigarette cessation in dental care: A National Dental Practice‐Based Research Network cluster randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cigarette smoking is detrimental to oral health. Oral health professionals rarely prescribe smoking cessation medications. Nicotine replacement therapy sampling (NRTS), providing brief starter courses of NRT, could improve provision of NRT and promote cessati...

Validation of the International Working Group 2023 response criteria for higher risk myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms using the International Consortium for Myelodysplastic Syndromes VALIDATE database and a randomized phase III trial

Response assessment criteria in patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (HR-MDS) have been updated in the 2023 International Working Group (IWG) criteria. However, validation of these criteria has been limited to date. We analyzed overall survival (OS) by be...

Development and validation of a cefepime population pharmacokinetic model to guide treatment for patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia requiring renal replacement

ABSTRACT Cefepime is used in critically ill pneumonia patients, but dosing in renal replacement therapy (RRT) is complicated by altered renal function, extracorporeal removal, and variability in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF) exposure. We sought to develop an integrated...

Predicted Incrementality by Experimentation for Ad Measurement

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide the most credible estimates of advertising incrementality but are difficult to scale. We propose Predicted Incrementality by Experimentation (PIE), which reframes ad measurement as a campaign-level prediction problem. PIE uses a sample...

Human, AI, and Hybrid Ensembles for Detection of Adaptive, RL-based Social Bots

The use of reinforcement learning to dynamically adapt and evade detection is now well-documented in several cybersecurity settings including Covert Social Influence Operations (CSIOs), in which bots try to spread disinformation. While AI bot detectors have improved greatly, they...

Targeted Analysis of >1500 Plasma Proteoforms via Individual Ion Mass Spectrometry

Abstract Plasma proteomics has emerged as a powerful approach for interrogating human biology, identifying disease-associated proteomic changes, and advancing precision diagnostics. In recent years, affinity-based plasma proteomics platforms with predefined protein panels, such a...

An international multicenter analysis of the outcome of pediatric first variceal hemorrhage

Background & Aims: Management of portal hypertension in children including primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding is controversial due to limited understanding of mortality risk after first variceal hemorrhage (1VH). This international multicenter study was designed to advance...

Cutaneous Lymphoma International Prognostic Index and Risk Stratification in Advanced Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome

Importance Risk stratification in advanced mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome (MF/SS) remains suboptimal given that current TNMB (tumor, node, metastasis, blood) staging has limited prognostic value for clinically relevant outcomes. Objective To determine whether the Cutaneous...

Aberrant erythrocyte rigidity in JAK2 V617F myeloproliferative neoplasms underlies concurrent thrombosis and hemorrhage

Thrombotic events are the leading cause of death in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) driven by the JAK2 Val 617 →Phe (JAK2V617F) mutation. We investigated how JAK2V617F alters hemostasis and thrombosis in humans and in lineage-specific knockin mice to test whether red blood ce...

Differentiable Bilevel Programming for Stackelberg Congestion Games

In a Stackelberg congestion game (SCG), a leader aims to maximize their own gain by anticipating and manipulating the equilibrium state at which the followers settle by playing a congestion game. Often formulated as bilevel programs, large-scale SCGs are well known for their intr...

Improved Crystallization-Front Dynamics Reduce Buried-Interface Defects in Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract Inverted perovskite solar cells have achieved substantial efficiency gains owing to advances in surface passivation; as a result, progress is now limited by buried defects at the perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL) interface. During top-down perovskite crystallization,...

Explainable artificial intelligence for secure and privacy-preserving 5 G networks

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is increasingly relevant to the security, privacy, and governance of AI-enabled 5 G and emerging 6 G networks. However, existing studies remain fragmented across wireless tasks, data modalities, network planes, and evaluation criteria, ma...

Non-invasive cardiac sensing via an acoustic Helmholtz resonator cavity with electrocardiogram waveform reconstruction

Physiological markers are a primary source of prognostic health monitoring systems. Specifically, with heartbeat sensing, many ailments may be identified in their nascent stage. In clinical settings, the human heartbeat is measured by way of an electrocardiogram (ECG). Common met...

Empirical transition probability modeling of continuous glucose monitoring data

Introduction Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) produces rich time series data. Standard metrics such as time-in-range summarize glycemia but miss the sequence of changes. We aimed to characterize glucose dynamics using empirical transition probability techniques. Materials and...

Self-foaming sintering-resistant iron-tungsten powders enable high-cycle thermochemical hydrogen storage

H2-H2O redox cycling of iron powder beds at 650-800 °C offers a compact, safe, economical hydrogen storage method, but sintering-induced capacity loss has stalled its scalability for decades. Here, we show that adding redox-active tungsten to Fe powders solves this problem in sta...

Validation of pure and total movement dispersion variables as measures of the distribution of daily activity using accelerometers: a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort

Abstract Aim Physical activity (PA) positively impacts health, but the optimal way to achieve PA remains unclear. Pure and total movement dispersion are novel metrics that quantify the spread of movement across the day, with (total) or without (pure) intensity. The purpose of thi...