Columbia University

Exercise and Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: A Paradigm Shift Toward Informed, Personalized Activity Guidelines

Exercise is widely recognized for its cardiovascular benefits; however, its safety and role in patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) remains complex due to its distinctive biomechanical vulnerabilities. Fundamentally different from abdominal aortic aneurysms, TAAs develo...

Inductive Biases in Field-level Cosmological Inference from Galaxy Catalogs

Abstract We perform field-level likelihood-free inference of the matter density parameter Ω m from simulated galaxy catalogs using machine learning models with differing inductive biases. Using hydrodynamic simulations from CAMELS, we examine how observable choice and architectur...

Psychological Stress and the Diurnal Patterns of Sodium Excretion and Blood Pressure: Results From the SABRE Study

BACKGROUND: Psychological stress is associated with reduced blood pressure (BP) dipping, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the associations among stress-induced sodium excretion, diurnal sodium excretion, and BP dipping. METHODS: Apparently healthy ad...

Reflect-Guard: Enhancing LLM Safeguards Against Adversarial Prompts via Logical Self-Reflection

LLM safety classifiers such as Llama Guard detect overtly harmful prompts well but remain vulnerable to jailbreaks that disguise intent via role-play, fictional framing, or indirect requests. We present Reflect-Guard: Llama-Guard-3-8B fine-tuned via QLoRA to generate a distilled,...

Aptamer-Based Fluorescent Assays for Detection of the Host-Response Viral Biomarker 3′-Deoxy-3′,4′-Didehydro-Cytidine

Abstract Improved viral diagnostics are urgently needed to strengthen pandemic preparedness and combat antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the importance of 3′-deoxy-3′,4′-didehydro-cytidine (ddhC), a host-derived, pan-viral biomarker that addresses key limitations of PCR-base...

Particle systems and McKean–Vlasov dynamics with singular interaction through local times

We study a system of reflected Brownian motions on the positive half-line in which each particle has a drift toward the origin determined by the local times at the origin of all the particles. If this local time drift is too strong, such systems exhibit a breakdown in their solut...

Nd isotopes as a paleocirculation tracer: consideration of sedimentary context and assessment through a north-south Atlantic transect

Authigenic neodymium (Nd) isotope ratios have been extensively used over the past two decades to reconstruct past changes in the global ocean circulation. Nevertheless, their effectiveness as a water mass tracer is currently strongly disputed based on the potential for modificati...

Resistance, Resilience, and Reempowerment: LGBTQ+ Nonprofit Responses to Policy Retrenchment Under the Trump Administration

Abstract Recent shifts in U.S. federal policy have significantly altered the operating environment for nonprofit organizations, particularly those serving marginalized communities. This article examines how LGBTQ+ nonprofit organizations are experiencing and responding to rapid p...

Economic impacts of subsea cable deployment

This paper provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of the economic impact of submarine cable (SMC) infrastructure, which is critical for global digital connectivity and carries almost all intercontinental data traffic. Despite their fundamental role in the digital economy, ro...

Real-time instance segmentation and quantification method for concrete dam cracks based on RCIS-YOLO

To address the high complexity of dam crack monitoring workflows involving detection followed by segmentation and the limitations of unmanned aerial vehicle applications, this article first proposes reparameterized crack instance segmentation YOLO (RCIS-YOLO). This model uses YOL...

Broadband Near-Field Imaging of Strong Polariton Coupling in Graphene/CrI3 Heterostructures

Abstract Interfacial charge transfer in van der Waals heterostructures provides a powerful, contact-free mechanism to activate two-dimensional plasmons. Chromium iodide (CrI3), a layered ferromagnetic insulator, induces significant doping in adjacent graphene, yet its nanoscale p...

Hypertension detection, treatment and control in young adults in Australia

Young adult hypertension increases risk of future cardiovascular disease but is often overlooked. We aimed to identify opportunities to reduce blood pressure among younger adults by determining the drivers of hypertension detection, treatment and control in young adults in Austra...

Public Perceptions of Timeliness for AI Use and Human Oversight

This cross-sectional study assesses perceptions on use of artificial intelligence (AI) for medical patient portal messaging and mental health support, with opinions stratified by birth generation.

Fourth Grade Students’ Use of Extended Time Testing Accommodations: Results From the NAEP Mathematics Test

Extended time is the most frequently provided test accommodation to students with disabilities, but prior research suggests that many students who are provided it do not use it, and there is no consensus on how to determine which students should receive it. In the current study,...

Machine Learning on Heterogeneous, Edge, and Quantum Hardware for Particle Physics

The next generation of particle physics experiments will face an era of challenges in data acquisition, due to unprecedented data rates and volumes along with extreme environments and operational constraints. Harnessing these data for scientific discovery demands real-time infere...

Impacts of Sea Surface Temperature Warming Pattern Biases on Tropical Cyclone Activity and Hazard

Abstract Most climate models simulate greater warming in the equatorial eastern Pacific than in the west under historical forcing, resulting in a reduced zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient and a weakened Walker circulation. This contrasts with observed trends and highli...

The Disciplined Worker In and Out of Prison

Scholars of mass incarceration have tended to understand the prison as a labor market institution mostly in the negative sense: as a warehouse for those otherwise likely to be unemployed and as a site of status degradation that further reduces people's ability to find employment...

High-performance parallel implementation of spin-free high-order coupled-cluster theories

High-order coupled-cluster theories with iterative triples (CCSDT), perturbative quadruples [CCSDT(Q)], and iterative quadruples (CCSDTQ) provide benchmark-quality correlation energies, but their steep computational scalings, O(N8), O(N9), and O(N10), together with the large memo...

Global Incidence of All-Cause Dementia

Importance Global dementia incidence estimates are limited by underrepresentation of low- and middle-income countries and heterogeneous analytic methods. Due to these limitations, true understanding of the global dementia landscape remains incomplete. Objective To identify dement...

Exploring transcriptomic and genomic latent variable correction approaches in differential expression analysis

Abstract Background Differential expression analysis is a central tool for studying the biological processes altered in human diseases via transcriptomic signatures. However, transcriptomic datasets are systematically confounded by latent variables from two distinct sources: unme...