University of California, San Francisco

Learning precise segmentation of neurofibrillary tangles from rapid manual point annotations

Accumulation of abnormal tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is a pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). Accurate detection of NFTs in tissue samples can reveal relationships with clinical, demographic, and genetic features through deep phenotyping. However, e...

Semi-pessimistic Reinforcement Learning

Offline reinforcement learning aims to learn an optimal policy from pre-collected data. However, it faces challenges of distributional shift, where the learned policy may encounter unseen scenarios not covered in the offline data. Additionally, numerous applications suffer from a...

Reception and Assessment of Immigrant Children and Families Seeking US Humanitarian Protection: Upholding the Best Interest of the Child: Policy Statement

Unaccompanied migrant children and families seeking humanitarian protection face health and well-being risks throughout the migration journey. US immigration policies and enforcement practices that subject children and families to detention and separation compound these risks. Gr...

Public Access, Open Access, and the Need for NIH Governance

This Viewpoint discusses the confusion between public access and open access, pay-to-comply publisher practices, and the steps that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) must take to fill this gap and promote public access goals.

“I Know Far More Dead People Than I Do Live Ones”: Social Isolation Among Older Adults Who Use Stimulants

BACKGROUND: Social isolation is associated with poor physical health and premature mortality. Midlife and older adults who use stimulants (cocaine or methamphetamine) may be especially vulnerable to social isolation. METHODS: We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with...

Care Team Response to Patient Portal Message Content and Writing Style

Importance Patient portal messages are an increasingly central channel for patient-clinician communication, but there are inequities in how responsive care teams are to messages sent by patients from historically marginalized groups. The reasons driving these disparities are not...

Age at Autism Diagnosis in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa): Exploring the Association With Family Well-Being

For many autistic individuals, close family members represent a crucial source of support throughout their lifetime. Early autism diagnosis is thought to benefit both autistic individuals and their family members by facilitating early access to services and information. However,...

Efficacy and safety of fenfluramine in Dravet syndrome: The impact of patient clinical characteristics

Abstract Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of fenfluramine in patients with Dravet syndrome (DS) stratified by age, number of previously attempted antiseizure medications (ASMs), and SCN1A pathogenic variant status. Methods In this post hoc analysis, data from three ran...

An additional water is introduced into the manganese cluster during the formation of the S3 state of photosystem II

During photosynthetic water oxidation, the Mn4Ca cluster in Photosystem II progresses through five intermediate Si (i = 0–4) states. X-ray crystallography studies have reported the insertion of one new O ligand during the formation of the S3 state, but recent studies question the...

Patient Outcomes Associated With a Composite Measure of 4Ms Care Adherence in the Inpatient Setting

BACKGROUND: The 4Ms (what matters, medication, mentation, and mobility) is a widely adopted age-friendly care framework. However, there is no evidence on inpatient 4Ms adherence thresholds associated with improved outcomes. METHODS: In a retrospective cross-sectional analysis, we...

Addressing Common Problems in Autism Research: Cohort Development and Sample Description for a Participatory, Real-World, Longitudinal Study of Outcomes in Autistic Adults

Adult autism services research is plagued by methodological challenges, including difficulty obtaining representative or heterogeneous samples and a frequent mismatch between experimental methodologies and real-world settings. The Academic Autism Spectrum Partnership in Research...

Time-surrogate variables enhance the association between cardiotocographic features and intrapartum hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Abstract Background Interruptions to the flow of oxygenated blood to the fetal brain during labor can lead to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Timely preventive interventions for suspected hypoxemia are crucial to avoid progression to neurological injury. Prior research has...

Isothermal Captureand Release of Carbon Dioxide witha Porous Molecular Hexaamine

Abstract The decarbonization of fossil fuel combustion streams and air is imperative to achieve negative carbon emissions and requires discovery of new materials that exhibit high CO2 capacities, long-term stability, and minimal energy input for the release of pure CO2. Numerous...

AI safety evaluation in an underrepresented population: real-world performance of clinical decision support and frontier language models on Medicaid patient messaging triage

<title>Abstract</title> Background. Studies of artificial intelligence tools used in patient triage have largely involved academic medical center cohorts, scripted patient-actor scenarios, or knowledge benchmarks. Populations that may rely on such tools due to constrained access...

Combined Post- and Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure

Pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease, or group 2 pulmonary hypertension, is common in patients with advanced heart failure. In at least a third of these patients, the pulmonary pressures are disproportionately elevated relative to left heart filling pressures...

Baseline Serum Metabolites as Predictors of Teplizumab Response in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract Aims/hypothesis Immunotherapies such as Teplizumab can preserve residual beta cell function in individuals with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D), but treatment response is variable. Currently, no biomarker exists to identify individuals most likely to benefit from i...

Real-Time Symptom and Wearable Monitoring May Improve Prediction of Postoperative Recovery in Lumbar Spine Surgery Beyond Standard Measures

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Accurately identifying candidates likely to benefit from surgery and addressing modifiable preoperative risk factors are central to optimizing outcomes. Current prediction tools often rely on static clinical data and patient-reported measures, which lac...

LinkLlama: Enablinga Large Language Model for ChemicallyReasonable Linker Design

Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) relies heavily on the design of chemically viable linkers to connect fragments binding to different pocket regions into potent lead molecules. While recent generative models have advanced spatial fragment linking, they frequently produce linke...

The immunophenotype and proviral landscape of HIV-infected CD4 T cells during antiretroviral therapy

In individuals on effective antiretroviral therapy, integrated HIV proviruses persist within CD4 T cells, forming a viral reservoir that rebounds if treatment is stopped. Identifying and targeting these rare, infected cells is critical for advancing therapies, but methods to stud...

Neurobiological Cognitive Integration (NCI): A Precision-Weighted Predictive-Processing Framework for Continuous Temperament Dimensions, Cognitive Complexity, and the Phenotype–Pathology Continuum

This monograph presents Neurobiological Cognitive Integration (NCI), a unified theoretical framework that reconceptualizes human temperament, individual behavioral variation, and clinical pathology as emergent properties of a single computational architecture: a multi-loop, preci...