Stanford University

Bias in Cohort Studies: The Critical Importance of the “Why” and “When” of Treatment Decisions

When it comes to high-quality, rigorous research, children generally get the short end of the stick. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)—the “gold standard” for clinical research1—are rare in this population.2 RCTs are expensive, time-consuming, and often fraught with ethical con...

The Biomimetic Sampler: A Constraint-Based Ideation Exercise for Introductory Biodesign Education

Abstract This demo presents the Biomimetic Sampler: a constraint-based ideation exercise that introduces participants to foundational concepts of biodesign through two linked activities, observation and translation, conducted under time pressure. The exercise requires no prior ba...

Self‐Growing Conductive Hydrogels Establish Volumetric Biointerfaces for Cardiac Conduction Restoration

ABSTRACT Restoring three‐dimensional electrical conduction in infarcted myocardium remains a critical challenge, as conventional conductive hydrogel patches largely remain surface‐confined and prevent electrical coupling of residual cardiomyocytes within fibrotic scars. Here, we...

Time-resolved imaging of antiferromagnetic skyrmion interactions

Abstract Quantifying particle interactions is central to understanding and controlling collective dynamics in particle-based devices such as those comprising skyrmion ensembles. Here we directly visualize, in real time, the nanosecond current-driven dynamics of an antiferromagnet...

Price comparisons for the leading brands of oral nicotine pouches and cigarettes

Abstract Background and aims United States (US) sales of oral nicotine pouches (ONPs) more than tripled from 2021 to 2024, with Zyn brand consistently the market leader. To understand the relative price of ONPs and cigarettes, this study answers three questions about differences...

Solvent-Mediated Diffusion Enables Directed Functionalization of Polymer Semiconductor Interfaces

The increasing interest in the development of intrinsically stretchable electronic devices based on polymer semiconductors (PSCs) necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the interfacial chemistry of these PSC films, alongside facile processing methods to modify these proper...

Trions as Fundamental Species in Chemically Doped Polymer Semiconductors

Doping is a cornerstone strategy for enhancing charge transport in semiconducting polymers, important for their application in, for example, semi-transparent electrode materials, thermoelectric devices, and antistatic coatings. Both chemical and electrochemical doping have, for t...

Grinding en route to sedentism: Plant processing in the 8 ka-BP southern Mongolian Plateau, China

Plant food exploitation has long been considered one of the most significant windows to understanding the process of sedentism. Two early Neolithic sites, Yumin (ca. 8,400-7,600 cal BP) and Simagou (ca. 7,500-7,000 cal BP), witnessed the earliest onset of a sedentary lifeway in t...

An Intrinsic Formula for the Ray–West Correction Term

For a nonempty permutation β of length m, Ray and West expressed the number of length-(m+2) permutations containing β using a correction term j(β), but did not give j as a statistic intrinsic to β. This is Problem 3.7 of Vatter’s 2026 survey. This preliminary technical report pro...

An Intrinsic Formula for the Ray–West Correction Term

For a nonempty permutation β of length m, Ray and West expressed the number of length-(m+2) permutations containing β using a correction term j(β), but did not give j as a statistic intrinsic to β. This is Problem 3.7 of Vatter’s 2026 survey. This preliminary technical report pro...

Genetic Predisposition and Pharmacological Effects Shape the Divergent Effects of Type 2 Diabetes on Atherosclerosis

Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) increases the risk of atherosclerotic diseases, including coronary artery disease (CAD), but decreases that for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), forming an intriguing diabetes-atherosclerosis paradox. We investigate how genetic underpinning...

Robust Inference With Ghostknockoffs in Genome‐Wide Association Studies With Sample Relatedness

ABSTRACT Genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have been extensively adopted to depict the underlying genetic architecture of complex traits. Recent studies show that knockoff‐based methods can identify variants with unique, potentially causal effects on phenotypes. However, th...

A Skin‐Inspired High‐κ Self‐Healing Polymer for Low‐Voltage Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

ABSTRACT Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs), known as a type of artificial muscles, are promising soft actuators with many applications including robotics and wearables due to their conformability, fast response, and large actuation. However, their usage remains constrained by...

Optical isolation and circulation using quantum frequency conversion on a chip

Breaking electromagnetic reciprocity enables directional control of light and is essential for both classical and quantum photonic systems. However, realizing integrated optical nonreciprocity that simultaneously combines low loss, broad bandwidth, and compatibility with quantum...

Community metabolism in dynamic redox landscapes

Microbial communities are fundamentally shaped by the diverse metabolic processes through which microbes extract energy from the chemical and light-driven potential gradients in their environment. Thus, predicting microbial community dynamics requires a quantitative framework gro...

A unified lexicon of predictive DNA sequence motifs from ENCODE transcription factor binding and chromatin accessibility assays

Abstract: Regulatory DNA contains sequence elements that guide transcription factor (TF) binding and chromatin accessibility, that in turn control the expression of nearby genes. Most current descriptions of such regulatory elements are based on classical, statistical enrichment-...

Resident Perspectives on Post-Rounds Communication With Families Using Diverse Languages

OBJECTIVE To explore pediatric residents’ experiences communicating with families after rounds and identify barriers and facilitators to communication with families using languages other than English (LOE). METHODS We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews...

Healthcare Utilization After Biologic Initiation for Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Background Biologic therapies for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) broaden options beyond endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and conventional medications. However, the short-term impact of biologic therapy on healthcare utilization relative to ESS is unclear. Objecti...

Trends in the Utilization of Two-Stage Versus Three-Stage Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis Among Privately Insured Patients With Ulcerative Colitis in the USA, 2007 to 2023

BACKGROUND: Ileal pouch anal anastomosis can be performed via 2- and 3-stage techniques, with similar short- and long-term clinical outcomes. 2-stage ileal pouch anal anastomosis became the predominant approach in the 2000s; whether this trend has continued remains unknown. OBJEC...

Deciphering Kinetic Principles of Dual‐Anion Electrolytes for Extreme Fast‐Charging Lithium‐Ion Batteries

ABSTRACT Tailoring Li + solvation coordination has been recognized as a strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) under extreme fast‐charging (XFC) conditions. Beyond weakening Li + solvation, increased Li–anion pairing plays a crucial ro...