Translational evidence for the antihypertensive potential of Passiflora edulis: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Passiflora edulis (PE) (passion fruit) is traditionally valued for its cardiovascular and calming properties, but its antihypertensive and blood pressure (BP)-lowering potential has not been systematically evaluated. Emerging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that PE may exert beneficial effects on BP regulation through multiple bioactive mechanisms. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and potential mechanisms of PE in BP regulation and assess its translational potential as a phytotherapeutic intervention. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus with predefined keywords. Eligible studies included preclinical and clinical trials examine changes in BP or vascular outcomes following PE administration. Extracted data included study characteristics, intervention details, outcomes, mechanisms, and safety findings. Results Eight studies met inclusion criteria: six preclinical and two clinical. Preclinical studies demonstrated significant reductions in systolic and diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure, with effects observed acutely (within 1–7 h) and over longer periods (several days-weeks). Vasorelaxant activity was observed, with seed extracts producing stronger relaxation responses (70–86%) than whole fruit extracts (20–31%) in ex-vivo studies. Proposed mechanisms included gamma-aminobutyric acid mediated central sympathetic suppression, nitric oxide enhancement, activation of potassium channels and inhibition of concentration-dependent angiotensin-II–induced vasoconstriction. Human trials ( n = 2) reported clinically significant reductions in systolic BP (7.7–30.9mmHg) and diastolic BP (up to 24.6mmHg) Additional cardioprotective improvements, such as enhanced left ventricular function, were reported in animal models. Conclusion Current evidence suggests that PE possesses promising antihypertensive and BP-lowering potential mediated through multiple complementary mechanisms. However, clinical evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneity in extract preparations, and short study durations. Well-designed clinical trials using standardized PE extracts are required to establish optimal dosing, long-term safety, and the therapeutic role of PE as a phytotherapeutic intervention for BP management. Clinical trial number Not applicable.