Chinese Academy of Sciences

Forward-KL Learning Curves of Maximum Likelihood Estimators Need Not Be Monotone

Let L_n be the expected forward Kullback–Leibler risk of the maximum-likelihood estimator based on n independent observations from a correctly specified model. We show that L_n need not be nonincreasing, even for a one-dimensional full, regular, minimal natural exponential family...

Enterotype signatures of multi-stressor exposure inform conservation strategies for mountain bumblebees of the subgenus Pyrobombus

Bees often exhibit gut microbiome-defined enterotypes impacting their health and pollination services. Bumblebees, keystone pollinators in montane and agriculture ecosystems, face significant population declines might linked to gut parasites, pathogens, and antibiotic exposure; h...

Conservation gaps, taxon-specific mechanisms, and synergistic benefits of amphibian-centered planning in a karst biodiversity hotspot

Habitat loss, climate change, and disease are driving global amphibian declines, making amphibians valuable indicators for conservation assessment. We integrated field surveys (2013–2025) covering 120 amphibian species in Guizhou, a karst biodiversity hotspot, with species distri...

Six-fold reduction in ocean heat content estimate uncertainty since 1960

Abstract Ocean heat content (OHC) dominates Earth’s energy imbalance, but its uncertainty has not been fully understood. Here, we construct a Large-Ensemble to comprehensively quantify the OHC uncertainty from global to regional scales since 1955, and consider eight groups of err...

Breaking the Specific Capacity Limit: 409% Boost in Manganese-Based Redox Flow Batteries at High Current Densities with a MnO2 Semi-Solid Slurry Electrolyte

Abstract The common-ion effect of SO 4 2− limits the solubility of MnSO 4 to ≤ 1 M in conventional H 2 SO 4 electrolytes, resulting in low specific capacity of manganese (Mn)-based redox flow batteries (RFBs). Although MnO 2 semi-solid RFBs are expected to improve the specific ca...

Controlling the Dynamic Conversion Process of the Water Molecules on the Electrolyte Interface for Producing Free Water

ABSTRACT Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a highly promising green hydrogen production method and technology, and it is also one of the important means for scientists and engineers to achieve carbon reduction, carbon emission, and carbon neutrality. Years of...

Identification of Senescence‐Associated β‐Galactosidase With Single‐Molecule Resolution

ABSTRACT The majority of human senescent cells exhibit overexpression of senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal), rendering this enzyme the most extensively utilized biomarker of senescence and a key prodrug target for intervening in aging. However, strategies for the au...

Classifications of Substorms With MLT Patterns of SMU‐SML Indices Based on Convection Properties

Abstract During substorms, magnetospheric convection and magnetotail current sheet disturbances are two critical processes, both driving ionospheric electrojets. Dusk‐side SMU and dawn‐side SML (SuperMAG Electrojet indices) enhancements reflect two‐cell convection. Using this rel...

Forward-KL Learning Curves of Maximum Likelihood Estimators Need Not Be Monotone

Let L_n be the expected forward Kullback–Leibler risk of the maximum-likelihood estimator based on n independent observations from a correctly specified model. We show that L_n need not be nonincreasing, even for a one-dimensional full, regular, minimal natural exponential family...

Commodity WiFi Can Capture Your Respiration Even the Motion Interference Exists

As one widely used wireless technique, WiFi has the potential to perform non-contact monitoring of respiration. While pioneering works have demonstrated promising performance, they inevitably ignore the impact of pervasive motion interference caused by non-target body areas or ne...

Dynamic immune regulation of Gymnocypris eckloni in response to severe short-term hypoxia and moderate prolonged hypoxia

Abstract Background Aquatic hypoxia frequently occurs as a recurring environmental stressor, exerting detrimental effects on the growth and survival of fish. As a typical endemic fish species inhabiting the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Gymnocypris eckloni displays outstanding resilie...

Cryo-EM structures of Cdr1 reveal snapshots of substrate transport and diverse inhibitor recognition

In Candida albicans —a World Health Organization fungal priority pathogen—overexpression of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–binding cassette transporter Cdr1 drives multidrug resistance. We present seven cryo–electron microscopy structures capturing substrate entry and expulsion...

β-carboline derivative Z86 alleviates pulmonary fibrosis via suppressing TGF-β/Smad signaling

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by aberrant fibroblast proliferation and excessive expression and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) by myofibroblasts, ultimately resulting in progressive and irreversible disorder or even loss of the pulmonary function....

In-orbit test of the weak equivalence principle with atom interferometry

The weak equivalence principle (WEP) is a central pillar of general relativity. Its precise test with quantum systems in space offers a unique window onto new physics. Here, we report an in-orbit quantum test of the WEP. A dual-species ( 85 Rb/ 87 Rb) atom interferometer is reali...

Global Existence and Nonlinear Stability of Finite-Energy Solutions of the Compressible Euler–Riesz Equations with Large Initial Data of Spherical Symmetry

Abstract The compressible Euler–Riesz equations are fundamental with wide applications in astrophysics, plasma physics, and mathematical biology. In this paper, we are concerned with the global existence and nonlinear stability of finite-energy solutions of the multidimensional E...

pH responsive nanoplatforms for radiosensitization and radioprotection in cancer therapy

Radiotherapy remains a cornerstone of cancer treatment, but its efficacy is limited by tumor hypoxia, adaptive antioxidant defenses, and the resulting radioresistance. Tumor extracellular acidity, commonly reported within an approximate pH range of 6.5–7.1, contributes to invasio...

Boosting the Critical Current Densities With BaTiO 3 Doping in Single‐Domain GdBCO Bulks by TSMG Technique

ABSTRACT In this study, we employed commercial NdBCO single crystals as seeds and utilized the conventional top‐seeded melt growth (TSMG) method to fabricate GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7‐δ (GdBCO) bulk samples, incorporating trace amounts (0.1 wt%) of micro‐ and nano‐sized BaTiO 3 (BTO) parti...

Identification and characterization of ethR and ethA genes impacting the sensitivity of Mycobacterium abscessus to ethionamide

ABSTRACT Mycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacterium with rising global incidence. This pathogen exhibits intrinsic resistance to most antibiotics, presenting a major public health threat. Ethionamide (ETH) requires bioactivation by monooxygenase Et...

High‐Efficiency Acousto‐Optic Modulation on Non‐Suspended Thin‐Film Lithium Tantalate

ABSTRACT Acousto‐optic (AO) interactions provide a powerful interface between the microwave and optical domains, enabling optical switching, non‐reciprocal propagation, and efficient microwave‐to‐optical transduction. Here, we demonstrate high‐efficiency AO modulation on a non‐su...

High-Precision Inversion of Forest Aboveground Biomass in Karst Regions Based on Multi-Scale Synergy and Geomorphological Zoning Modeling

Accurate quantification of forest biomass in the karst mountainous region of Southwest China is critical for regional carbon sink accounting. However, remote sensing-based inversion of forest biomass in this region is subject to the dual constraints of scale effects and spatial h...