Protocols on X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Measurement and Interpretation

Abstract

Abstract Understanding the local electronic and atomic structure of materials is central to modern physics, chemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) provides element-specific insight into these local environments through core-level X-ray absorption processes, making it an irreplaceable technique for studying complex and heterogeneous materials, particularly at the nanoscale. Despite its broad applicability, XAS measurements and data interpretation often remain technically complex and strongly dependent on synchrotron facilities, underscoring the need for clear, accessible, and standardized guidance, particularly for new and occasional users. In this work, we present a set of foundational yet practical protocols for performing XAS measurements and interpretation, covering experimental principles, beamline setup, sample preparation, energy and mode selection, as well as data processing and analysis. We also introduce common tools, methods, and typical practices alongside training modules. These protocols aim to facilitate researchers across disciplines to perform XAS measurements, navigate existing resources, and interpret results for their specific research objectives with greater accuracy, efficiency, and reproducibility.