University of Colorado Boulder

???Setting the Conversation on Fire???: What Youth Want from Social Studies Discussions

Feedback from more than 100 high school students reveals what makes classroom discussions work—from crafting open-ended questions to balancing teacher participation.

What Should We Listen for in Social Studies Discussions?

Built around four social studies-specific dimensions—content, source scrutiny, empathic imagination, and ethical action—the Social Studies Discourse Instrument gives teachers a fresh, nonevaluative lens on classroom discussion.

Gravity Wave Energy Baselines (∼30–110 km) Established From Lidar Observations at McMurdo (77.84°S, 166.67°E), Antarctica: Energy Dissipation and Constituent Diffusion

Abstract Lidar observations above McMurdo, Antarctica from 2011 to 2024 are used to characterize gravity wave (GWs) potential energies () in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Alongside characterizations in the middle atmosphere (30–70 km), the GW baselines show dissipa...

From Posts to Perceptions: How Reddit Users Feel About Phalloplasty and Metoidioplasty

Abstract Gender-affirming surgery, including phalloplasty and metoidioplasty, has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating gender dysphoria in appropriately selected patients. This study aims to better describe the needs and priorities of patients undergoing these procedures by using...

A Clifford algebra approach to bosonic strings with fermionic boundaries

Abstract The Brauer–Weyl theorem (Brauer, Weyl. 1935 Am. J. Maths. 57, 425–449. (doi:10.2307/2371218)) states that the algebra of tensor products of spinors is isomorphic to the Clifford (geometric) algebra, in any number of space–time dimensions. The algebraic relation between f...

Vibrational Spectraof Anionic Polycyclic AromaticHydrocarbons in the CH Stretching Region: Anthracene, Pyrene, Perylene,and Fluoranthene

Abstract The CH stretching region of the infrared spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radical anions (2700–3100 cm–1) is characterized by complicated band patterns that defy straightforward assignments from harmonic calculations. We compare experimental infrared photodisso...

Understandingthe Electronic Structure of RutheniumOxides during Redox Cycling with High Energy Resolution X-rayAbsorption Spectroscopy

Abstract Ruthenium oxides are essential catalysts and charge storage materials whose performance across reactions, from the oxygen evolution reaction to the chlor-alkali process, depends critically on reversible Ru redox cycling and the associated electronic structure changes. Al...

Middle atmosphere chemical and dynamical effects in the CCMI-2022 stratospheric aerosol injection scenario

Abstract. Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) could slow surface warming, however, potential side effects include changes in stratospheric ozone and changes in regional surface temperatures and precipitation resulting from tropical lower stratospheric warming. Previous multi-mo...

Longitudinal changes in gut microbiota across reproductive states in wild baboons

Background: In humans and other mammals, female reproduction is linked to extensive changes in physiology, immunity, hormones, and behavior. These changes likely shape, and may be shaped by, the composition of gut microbial communities. Characterizing the dynamics of gut microbia...

Total Ozone Reactivity Measurements Reveal Knowledge Gap in Volatile Organic Compound Emissions and Their Reactions

Abstract Total ozone (O 3 ) reactivity monitors (TORMs) were used to investigate biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from several ecosystems. Measurements were conducted in temperate deciduous North American forests, during the CABINEX and SOAS campaigns, on tundr...

Technical note: Design, construction, automation, and first-principles calibration of a low volume He measurement line

Abstract. A noble-gas analysis line capable of accurate and precise measurements of small absolute amounts of 4He released from crystals is a key analytical step in the production of (U-Th)/He chronologic data. He analysis lines that are custom-built in-house can be optimized for...

Regional FireworksPollution over East and SoutheastAsia from Airborne Observations around the Spring Festival Period

Abstract Fireworks are spectacular, but they also pollute the atmosphere. While fireworks are known to rapidly increase local pollution levels, the regional influences and nanosized appearance of fireworks-related particles are poorly understood. This study collected aerosol part...

Trions as Fundamental Species in Chemically Doped Polymer Semiconductors

Doping is a cornerstone strategy for enhancing charge transport in semiconducting polymers, important for their application in, for example, semi-transparent electrode materials, thermoelectric devices, and antistatic coatings. Both chemical and electrochemical doping have, for t...

How AI induces professional identity threats: A survey study with public relations professionals

The transformative force of AI is largely redefining how public relations professionals approach their work, understand their responsibilities, and make sense of the meaning and value associated with being a PR practitioner. While research in other disciplines have increasingly r...

The Fertility Reduction Effects of the Colorado Family Planning Initiative by Age and Parity

ABSTRACT We use restricted‐access birth records from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) to document the full age and parity fertility effects of the Colorado Family Planning Initiative (CFPI). The CFPI provided access to every FDA approved method of contraception for fre...

A trace pairing and Elliott invariant for groupoid homology

Abstract For an étale groupoid, we define a pairing between the Crainic–Moerdijk groupoid homology and the simplex of invariant Borel probability measures on the base space. The main novelty here is that the groupoid need not have totally disconnected base space, and thus the pai...

Can Neural Networks Think Like Geomorphologists?

Abstract Understanding the connection between topography and the processes and properties that shape landscapes both helps us better understand landscape evolution, and use topography to infer information relevant for a wide range of human activities. Deep learning methods, like...

Engineered Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Tunable Spheroid Platform for Analysis of Tumor-Macrophage Interactions

Abstract Tumor architecture strongly influences immune cell behavior, yet the individual contributions of cell-cell spacing and hypoxia remain difficult to isolate in vivo. Here, we use a DNA-programmable 3D tumor spheroid platform to generate 4T1 spheroids with tunable intercell...

Layer‐Dependent Diurnal Moist Static Energy Biases in the Unified Forecast System During the MJO Preconditioning Stage: A DYNAMO Case Study

Abstract Accurate simulation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) requires realistic diurnal evolution and vertical distribution of moist static energy (MSE). While prior studies documented MSE bias in simulations, vertically dependent physical processes responsible for these b...

Review of Particle Physics *

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,200 new measurements from 903 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and b...