Author
Chou Cosmo
Recent research
- AI & ComputingOpen access
Fermat's Last Theorem (x^n + y^n = z^n has no non-trivial integer solutions for n >= 3) was classically established by Andrew Wiles through the modularity theorem for semistable elliptic curves over hundreds of pages of advanced algebraic geometry. Recently, automated formalizati...
- AI & ComputingOpen access
The Hodge Conjecture, formulated by Sir William Vallance Douglas Hodge in 1950, is a central Millennium Prize problem in algebraic geometry and complex differential geometry. It asserts that for any smooth complex projective algebraic variety X, every rational Hodge class in H^{2...
- AI & ComputingOpen access
Modern theoretical physics, pure mathematics, and artificial intelligence have converged upon a dual epistemological crisis: while automated neural theorem engines generate sprawling, opaque derivation steps that suffer from an unbridged "epistemic justification gap" (Tanswell &...
- AI & ComputingOpen access
Fermat's Last Theorem (x^n + y^n = z^n has no non-trivial integer solutions for n >= 3) was classically established by Andrew Wiles through the modularity theorem for semistable elliptic curves over hundreds of pages of advanced algebraic geometry. Recently, automated formalizati...
- Physics & SpaceOpen access
The Twin Prime Conjecture, tracing back to Euclid and formally posed by Alphonse de Polignac in 1849, is one of the most celebrated unsolved problems in number theory. It asserts that there exist infinitely many prime pairs (p, p+2) with prime gap \Delta p = 2. While Yitang Zhang...
- AI & ComputingOpen access
Modern computer science and numerical physical simulation face profound computational bottlenecks. Conventional digital computing based on the von Neumann architecture relies strictly on point-wise microscopic precision ("Equality Mathematics"). When tackling complex non-linear p...
- AI & ComputingOpen access
In late August 2026, mathematical physics experienced a historic paradigm shift: the Lean 4 formalization of Fermat's Last Theorem (13 million lines of code, Peng et al.) and the resolution of the 78-year-old Hopf problem on the existence of an integrable complex structure on the...
- AI & ComputingOpen access
Richard Feynman's 1948 path integral formulation Z = \int D\phi \exp(i S[\phi] / \hbar) serves as the cornerstone of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) and modern Quantum Field Theory (QFT). However, because the complex exponent lies perpetually on the unit circle |e^{i\theta}| = 1 wi...
- AI & ComputingOpen access
Goldbach's Conjecture, proposed by Christian Goldbach in a 1742 letter to Leonhard Euler, is one of the oldest and most revered open problems in number theory. It asserts that every even integer 2n >= 4 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers (2n = p1 + p2). For nearly t...
- AI & ComputingOpen access
The Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH) asserts that all non-trivial zeroes of any Dirichlet L-function L(s, \chi) and automorphic L-function lie strictly on the critical line Re(s) = 1/2, constituting the central governing conjecture of analytic number theory and arithmetic geo...
- Physics & SpaceOpen access
The Standard Model of particle physics successfully classifies subatomic phenomena but critically depends upon at least 19 empirical free parameters, including 9 fermion masses, 4 CKM mixing parameters, 3 gauge coupling constants, 2 Higgs potential parameters, and the strong CP p...
- Engineering & TechnologyOpen access
The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube (RHVT)---frequently characterized as a mechanical "Maxwell's Demon"---represents one of the most persistent enigmas in non-equilibrium thermodynamics and fluid dynamics. Injected tangentially with a single stream of uniform compressed gas (T_{in} = 3...
- BiologyOpen access
Decoding non-coding genomic regulation across extended chromosomal distances (\ge 1 Mb) represents one of the foremost grand challenges in modern molecular genetics. While recent deep sequence foundation models (e.g., Google DeepMind's AlphaGenome) extend context windows to 10^6...
- Physics & SpaceOpen access
The 2024 astronomical discovery of "The Big Ring"---an ultra-large celestial structure spanning approximately 1.30 billion light-years (400 Mpc) in diameter with a circumference of 4.0 billion light-years at redshift z \approx 0.827---presents a catastrophic challenge to the foun...
- Physics & SpaceOpen access
Quantum entanglement has challenged foundational physics since Albert Einstein famously characterized it as "spooky action at a distance." The apparent instantaneous collapse of spatial wavefunctions across spacelike intervals implies an unbridgeable rift between quantum non-loca...
- Physics & SpaceOpen access
The 2024 astronomical discovery of "The Big Ring"---an ultra-large celestial structure spanning approximately 1.30 billion light-years (400 Mpc) in diameter with a circumference of 4.0 billion light-years at redshift z \approx 0.827---presents a catastrophic challenge to the foun...
- BiologyOpen access
Decoding non-coding genomic regulation across extended chromosomal distances (\ge 1 Mb) represents one of the foremost grand challenges in modern molecular genetics. While recent deep sequence foundation models (e.g., Google DeepMind's AlphaGenome) extend context windows to 10^6...
- Physics & SpaceOpen access
The overwhelming predominance of matter over antimatter in the observable universe---quantified by the baryon-to-photon ratio \eta_B = (n_B - n_{\bar{B}})/n_\gamma = (6.104 \pm 0.058) \times 10^{-10}---remains one of the most profound unresolved puzzles in cosmology. Standard Mod...
- AI & ComputingOpen access
Modern mathematics and artificial intelligence have reached a twin epistemological crisis: while automated neural reasoning engines generate sprawling, opaque derivation steps that suffer from an unbridged "epistemic justification gap" (Tanswell & Berg, M\times\Phi 2026), human m...
- AI & ComputingOpen access
In September 2026, twenty-five Fields Medalists (including Pierre Deligne, Maxim Kontsevich, Terence Tao, Alessio Figalli, Cédric Villani, Maryna Viazovska, June Huh, and 2026 laureate Yu Deng) issued a historic open declaration, "A Severe Misalignment of AI in Mathematics." They...