Dutch newspapers described quantum ideas through 331 familiar metaphors

An analysis of 816 articles found recurring ways of using everyday objects, physical events and technologies to explain quantum concepts.

Editorial illustration — not from the study.

Researchers analyzed 816 Dutch newspaper articles to examine how quantum concepts and technologies were explained to non-experts. They identified 331 metaphors and studied which familiar areas of experience were used to describe different parts of quantum science and technology.

The analysis found that some quantum concepts were regularly compared with objects and materials, while others were framed through familiar physical phenomena or existing technologies. Particular features of those familiar examples, such as moving particles or how something works, were used to draw attention to corresponding features of quantum ideas.

The metaphors newspapers used

The study identified 331 metaphors in 816 Dutch newspaper articles published between January 2010 and March 2024. It found systematic links between the quantum concepts being explained and the familiar source areas used to explain them. Some concepts were consistently described through objects and materials, others through physical phenomena, and others through existing technologies. Elements such as particle movement and functional processes were used to highlight particular features of the quantum concepts.

Why these comparisons matter

Quantum science and technology can be difficult for non-experts to understand because many of its concepts are abstract and counterintuitive. The findings show that newspaper coverage does not use metaphors randomly: it draws on recurring familiar comparisons to represent different aspects of quantum science and technology. This helps clarify how the field is being presented in public discussion, although the study does not establish how readers interpret or evaluate the metaphors.

Evidence and limits

This was a content analysis of 816 Dutch newspaper articles, covering publications from January 2010 through March 2024. It documents the metaphors used and the patterns connecting them with quantum concepts, but it does not test whether particular metaphors improve understanding, change opinions or engage readers. The findings concern Dutch newspaper coverage and may not apply to other countries, media or audiences.

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