Work participation in inborn errors of immunity: The dual burden on patients and caregivers

Abstract

Despite improved survival, occupational challenges in with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) patients and their families remain unmeasured. We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey promoted by AIP and ImmunITA, including 420 IEI adults and 110 caregivers, integrating occupational data with patient-reported outcome measures. Multivariable models assessed employment and productivity determinants. Overall, 67% of patients were employed, yet half reported reduced capacity, unsafe environments, limited career progression, and stigma. Unemployment was associated with female sex, disability, and lower education. Nondisclosure affected one-fourth of patients and one-fifth of caregivers. Work impairment reached 39%; absenteeism was driven by healthcare demands, while presenteeism was associated with disease burden, psychological distress, and immune dysregulation, but not the Ig administration route. Caregivers showed 34% work impairment, with absenteeism linked to care intensity and presenteeism to psychological distress, patient health, and child caregiving. Child caregivers had greater time demands and more part-time employment. In conclusion, IEI substantially impair work productivity, supporting integration of occupational needs into care to improve social inclusion.