Platelet-derived mitochondria: from release to therapeutic applications

Abstract

Abstract Among their diverse functions, platelets enable intercellular communication through the release of their contents, including functional mitochondria. Given their high circulatory abundance, platelets represent a readily accessible source of these organelles. Consequently, platelet-derived mitochondria (PDM) are increasingly recognized as active mediators of intercellular signaling and metabolic remodeling. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying PDM release, intercellular transfer, and uptake by diverse recipient cells. We further highlight the emerging roles of PDM in cancer progression, immune regulation, and tissue regeneration. While growing evidence underscores the therapeutic potential of PDM, particularly in mitochondria transplantation, critical challenges remain, including the standardization of isolation protocols, assessment of long-term efficacy, and potential off-target effects. Finally, we summarize recent advances and outline research priorities to facilitate the safe and effective clinical translation of PDM-based therapies.