Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Adaptive Immunity, Immune Evasion and Emerging Strategies for Disease Control

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important pathogens affecting the global swine industry. This review summarizes current knowledge of PRRSV-induced suppression of adaptive immune responses, with particular emphasis on impaired T cell activity, dysregulated B cell responses, delayed and insufficient neutralizing antibody production, and viral strategies that limit effective immune clearance. In addition, recent advances and limitations in vaccine development and antiviral strategies are presented. By integrating insights from viral pathogenesis and host immune responses, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on current challenges and emerging strategies for effective PRRSV control.