Adolescent elite swimmers’ self-esteem and emotional states: Benefits of organized leisure-time activities

Abstract

This study examined whether an Organized Leisure-Time Activities program (OLT3A) strengthens self-esteem and emotional states in elite adolescent swimmers. Twenty-five national-level swimmers (Mage = 14.44 ± 1.23 y) were randomized to a six-week OLT3A intervention or a waiting-list control. The protocol integrated creative non-sport activities, time-management workshops, and guided recovery within regular training periodization. Physical self-esteem dimensions, emotional states, and disturbed breaks were assessed across six time points using multilevel growth-curve analyses. Weekly semi-structured meetings provided qualitative context. OLT3A participants reported significantly higher Global Self-Esteem, Physical Self-Worth, Physical Condition, Happiness, and Excitement compared to controls. Group-by-time interactions indicated that OLT3A was associated with more favorable trajectories of Physical Self-Worth and Physical Condition, while reducing the progression of Anger. Qualitative material suggested that some participants perceived improvements in positive states, focus, schedule management, burden relief, and energy replenishment. These findings suggest that OLT3A may represent a promising practical strategy for supporting self-esteem and emotional states in adolescent athletes, while warranting cautious interpretation given the limitations of the present evidence.