AI & Computingarticle2026-09-25

Conflict or uncertainty? Reading the partial paraconsistency hierarchy of interval (T, I, N, U₁, …, Uₙ, F) tuples from language-model outputs

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Abstract

Genuine conflict (truth and falsity both strongly supported) and plain uncertainty (weak support either way) are different epistemic situations, yet a single probability of truth reports both as the same kind of number. This feasibility study populates the partial paraconsistency hierarchy of interval (T, I, N, U₁, …, Uₙ, F) tuples from repeated outputs of gpt-4o-mini, deepseek-chat and the typed evaluation model Jev. All three systems declared the liar paradox Order-0, while intermediate orders were not read reliably. The study reports the elicitation protocol, a corrected scoring error, cross-model stability, limitations and requirements for a larger pre-registered study.

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View paper (DOI)Open access versionOpenAlexZenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)Published 2026-09-25

Authors: Florentín Smarandache, Maikel Leyva Vázquez

Institutions: Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Gallup Indian Medical Center