Transition to Double‐Cell Mock Walker Circulations With Surface Warming Explained by Periodic Convection

Abstract

Abstract Idealized mock Walker simulations are widely used to study the interactions between overturning circulation and convection in the tropics. Previous studies documented a transition from a single‐cell to a double‐cell mock Walker circulation when the average sea surface temperature exceeds 300 K. Here, we ascribe the transition to the emergence of periodic convection with warming due to stronger convectively coupled waves. In cold simulations, the warm pool is dominated by steady deep convection, which results in a single overturning cell. In hot simulations, the warm pool is alternately dominated by deep convection and a stratiform mode, resulting in lower and upper cells respectively. This study suggests that the idealized mock Walker circulation in a warmer climate features complex structural changes in addition to a weakening in strength, and highlights the profound impacts of convection on the structure of the overturning circulation.