“Thin Adoption” and Hidden Costs of OpenBIM Interoperability: Mixed-Methods Study in China’s Construction Industry

Abstract

Abstract Building information modeling (BIM) is a collaborative process for creating and managing digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of facilities, central to the digital transformation of the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. Despite OpenBIM standards like industry foundation classes (IFC), cross-platform interoperability remains a significant challenge to AEC digital transformation. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study examines BIM interoperability issues and hidden costs through interviews with 15 Chinese AEC professionals and a survey of 216 respondents. Key findings include: (1) only 14.75% regularly use IFC, with limited IFC understanding; (2) over half experience attribute loss and multiple concurrent interoperability issues; (3) only 16.13% can quantify interoperability costs; and (4) larger firms and those with diverse tools face more frequent problems and hidden costs. Although the AEC industry recognizes these issues, willingness to invest in solutions remains low. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing the first large-scale empirical benchmarks on OpenBIM interoperability practices in China, proposing a four-category hidden cost taxonomy, and developing a multilevel associative framework linking institutional, organizational, and technical factors to cost manifestations. This paper offers evidence-based recommendations for stakeholders.