Watson's Caring Science-Based Interventions in Holistic Nursing and Health Care: A Scoping Review of Patient Satisfaction and Clinical Outcomes

Abstract

PurposeTo map and summarize the literature on Watson's Caring Science Theory-based interventions in relation to patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes. Watson's Caring Science Theory provides a foundational framework for relational and holistic nursing care, yet evidence on patient-centered outcomes remains fragmented.DesignScoping review guided by Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage methodological framework and reported per PRISMA-ScR.MethodsTwo primary databases (PubMed and CINAHL) were searched, supplemented by Google Scholar, for English-language, peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025. Data were charted to summarize study characteristics, intervention components, theoretical operationalization, and outcome domains.FindingsTwenty-four studies met inclusion criteria, including 17 randomized controlled trials. Studies were conducted in diverse contexts, including oncology, maternity care, chronic illness management, surgical recovery, palliative care, and caregiver support. Intervention content and duration varied, but commonly emphasized relational care, emotional presence, individualized education, and supportive environments. Interventions improved patient satisfaction, psychological outcomes, symptom management, quality of life, self-care behaviors, and caregiver well-being.ConclusionsWatson's Caring Science Theory offers a meaningful framework for holistic nursing and health care. The evidence suggests positive patient-centered and psychosocial outcomes but remains heterogeneous. Future research should strengthen theory reporting, prioritize patient-centered outcomes, and use longer follow-up and multisite designs.