The Impact of Robotization on Employees' Mental and Physical Health: A Qualitative Study in the Czech and Slovak Republics

Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the impact of introducing robotic technologies on employees' mental and physical health across three Czech and one Slovak manufacturing company. It sought to understand employees' subjective experiences and perceptions of organizational support during the robotization process. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted between 2023 and 2025 in four companies. 27 semi-structured interviews with employees (15 women, 12 men) and 19 unstructured interviews with managers (3 women, 16 men) were conducted on-site during working hours. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis with open and axial coding. RESULTS: Nine thematic areas were identified: general perceptions, change, fear, problems, support, social relations and communication, employee characteristics, physical health, and mental health. Employees generally perceived robotization positively, noting reduced physical workload and less monotonous or hazardous work. Initial adaptation was challenging, especially due to technical demands and workflow changes. Technical staff experienced higher stress than operators, related to responsibility, troubleshooting, and learning new skills. Technical malfunctions, elevated noise and vibration, and cognitive demands were reported as stressors. Personifying robots and informal knowledge sharing facilitated adaptation. No significant sleep disturbances or substance use linked to robotization were reported. Managers faced a high mental workload due to coordination and supervision responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS: When the implementation process is well designed, robotization does not necessarily negatively affect employees' mental health. The findings highlight the importance of actively addressing organizational and human factors that influence the success of technological change in the workplace. Attention should focus on monitoring cognitive and psychological demands, particularly for technical and managerial staff.