California Institute of Technology

Improved estimation of net ecosystem CO 2 exchange over North America using LSTM-based flux upscaling (2001–2021)

Accurate estimation of regional-scale terrestrial carbon budgets is of great importance but remains challenging. With particular advantages, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network method shows potential for improving regional carbon budget upscaling estimations. Here, using LS...

BioForge: A Fast and Safe Macromolecular Structure Preparation Library in Rust

Abstract Summary BioForge is the first macromolecular structure preparation library for Rust, complementing sequence-analysis libraries such as Rust-Bio with cleaning, geometry-based missing-atom repair, protonation, and solvation as a force-field-agnostic preprocessing stage. Ac...

Soundboard Fractures in the Bent Side/Cheek Corner of Harpsichords

The following study is the result of an investigation over several years, seriously because the 2025 Eaton fire interfered substantially. It was prompted by a comment in the Jackrail Forum communications by Domenico Statuto regarding an internet publication by Geert Karman (see l...

Electrochemical Hydroformylation with a Homogeneous Rhodium Catalyst

Abstract Electrochemical hydroformylation is an attractive pathway to synthesize aldehydes at ambient conditions using electrons sourced from renewable energy as a reductant instead of hydrogen gas sourced from energy-intensive steam methane reforming. However, previously reporte...

Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of ( E,E,Z )-Humulene-Derived Natural Products

Abstract Meroterpenoid natural products derived from the 11-membered macrocycle humulene are of great interest due to their potent biological activities and intricate architectures. Whereas molecules derived from the most available (E,E,E)-humulene isomer have been thoroughly inv...

Generalized Nonlinear Bayesian Pulsar Timing with ENTERPRISE

Abstract We use the Bayesian methods in the ENTERPRISE package to examine the fully general parameterization of pulsar timing models in tandem with noise. We investigate four pulsars, PSRs J1600–3053, J2043+1711, J0740+6620, and J1640+2224, through the lens of Bayesian timing. We...

Transcription pause and elongation regulators mediate somatic hypermutation

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) creates point mutations in the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes in activated B cells to support antibody affinity maturation1. SHM is initiated by activation-induced deaminase (AID), and the single-stranded DNA substrate of this cytosine deamin...

Constraints on the Loss of Hydroperoxymethyl Thioformate (HPMTF) to Marine Clouds Using Aircraft Observations

Abstract The photochemical oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by the hydroxyl radical (OH) contributes to the production and growth of particles and cloud condensation nuclei in the marine boundary layer (MBL). DMS oxidized by OH can go on to form a stable intermediate, hydroper...

Growth of aromatic hydrocarbon dust particles in the extremely metal-poor galaxy Sextans A

The mid-infrared spectrum of star-forming, high-metallicity galaxies is dominated by emission features from aromatic and aliphatic bonds in small carbonaceous dust grains, often referred to as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In metal-poor galaxies, the abundance of PAHs...

Regional climate risk assessment from climate models using probabilistic machine learning

Abstract Effective climate risk assessment is hindered by the resolution gap between coarse global climate models and the fine-scale information needed for regional decision making. Existing downscaling methods struggle to bridge this gap: physics-based methods are too computatio...

Phototropic and skototropic growth in inorganic films

We report herein phototropic growth toward, and skototropic growth away from, an incoherent, unstructured, low-intensity light stimulus in the deposition of nonliving, inorganic material. Fundamental light–matter interactions yield growth of inorganic deposits with ordered mesost...

Early injury responses to nutrient treatment in adult Drosophila limb

It was previously observed that partial regrowth can be induced to begin in adult Drosophila limb by modulating nutrients. In this work, to further investigate the observation, we characterized the early cellular and tissue-level processes that are promoted by nutrient treatment...

Electro-optic modulation of coherent and incoherent mid-IR radiation in two-dimensional arrays

Light in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spans wavelengths from 3 to 8 micrometers and is important to many applications such as gas sensing and thermal imaging. Due to materials challenges, there is now a lack of mid-IR reconfigurable optical elements. Here, we present an electrically...

Experimentally Mapping the Phase Diagrams of Photoexcited Small Polarons

Abstract Understanding the fundamental phenomena that dictate photoexcited polarons in materials is critical to tuning their properties. Theoretical models of polarons have only recently been extended to the excited state. Experimental measurements of polaron formation and transp...

SN 2024iss: A Multiwavelength Exposé of a Type IIb Supernova with an Early-time Ultraviolet Spectrum and Shock-breakout Constraints

Abstract We present multiwavelength observations and analysis of SN 2024iss, a Type IIb supernova (SN IIb) located at ∼14 Mpc. The first Zwicky Transient Facility detection of SN 2024iss is ∼40 minutes after first light (one of the earliest detections of a SN IIb to date) and a H...

Universal scaling laws for correlated decay of many-body quantum systems

Abstract Quantum systems are inevitably open, continually exchanging energy and information with the surrounding environment. This interaction leads to decoherence and decay of quantum states. In complex systems, formed by many particles, decay can become correlated and enhanced....

Influence of Josephson Effect on Proximity Coupled Superconductors

Experimental investigations to examine the influence of Josephson effect on proximity coupled superconductors are reported. The results are interpreted with a proposed physical model that incorporates spatial gradients in both the phase and the amplitude of the proximity induced...

Comparative neuroanatomy of emotion expression: from flies to humans

All animals exhibit complex behaviours that share features with those that in humans we call 'emotional expressions'. Sidestepping contentious issues about the conscious experience of emotion, their expression across species provides a wealth of detail about their emergence in ev...

Line-intensity mapping

Line-Intensity Mapping (LIM) has emerged as a powerful technique for studying large-scale structure and the high-redshift universe, enabling three-dimensional maps of line emission across vast cosmological volumes. In this review, we summarize the LIM framework, its key scientifi...

EZSolver: Template-Free Prediction of Polar Enzymatic Mechanisms via Bidirectional Flow Matching and Search

Abstract Predicting enzymatic reaction mechanisms is critical for understanding enzyme function and for the design and discovery of new enzymes. Current computational predictors rely on deterministic, rule-based dictionaries, which perform well on in-distribution tasks but fail t...