The researchers analyzed interviews with long-term prisoners about anticipated re-entry into Canadian society. The great majority said they had experienced child welfare or other state intervention while growing up, and many participants were Indigenous.

Participants’ stories linked possible difficulties after release to employment discrimination, changing technology and gaps in services. The authors argue that re-entry involves moving between prison’s predictable routines and an unequal, surveilled and often hostile society, rather than simply adapting behaviorally or finding work and housing.