Contributions of smoking behaviour to lung cancer subtypes

Abstract

Smoking is an established cause of lung cancer (LC), but the relative causal contributions of whether a person ever smokes and how heavily they smoke across histological subtypes remain uncertain. This study investigated the causal effects of smoking status and smoking intensity on major LC subtypes. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed. Genetic instruments were drawn from the GWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine Use: 85 variants for smoking status, a binary trait contrasting ever with never smokers, and 23 variants for smoking intensity, a continuous trait measuring cigarettes smoked per day. Outcomes were 5 LC phenotypes from FinnGen: non-small cell LC (1627 cases), adenocarcinoma (571), squamous cell carcinoma (365), small cell LC (179), and mesothelioma (133). Inverse-variance weighted regression with multiplicative random effects was the primary estimator, with weighted median, weighted mode, and MR-Egger as sensitivity analyses. Benjamini–Hochberg correction was applied across all ten tests. Analyses used R 4.2.3 with TwoSampleMR 0.7.9. Smoking intensity was causally associated with all 4 smoking-related subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma (odds ratio [OR]: 5.95 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.12–11.37), small cell LC (OR: 4.43, 95% CI: 1.60–12.32), non-small cell LC (OR: 3.45, 95% CI: 2.30–5.18), and adenocarcinoma (OR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.40–5.06). All 4 survived correction for multiple testing and were reproduced by the weighted median and weighted mode estimators. Smoking status showed positive point estimates for all 4 subtypes (OR: 1.40–1.61) but reached only nominal significance for non-small cell LC (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.04–2.19, P = .030), which did not survive correction and was not reproduced by other estimators. Neither exposure was associated with mesothelioma. Smoking intensity shows robust causal effects on all smoking-related LC subtypes, whereas the evidence for smoking status is directionally consistent but considerably weaker. The null finding for mesothelioma, a cancer principally caused by asbestos, supports the specificity of the instruments. These results indicate that reducing consumption among established smokers warrants emphasis alongside preventing uptake.