Insights into Dynamic Hot Spot Contributions in Quantitative Colloidal SERS

Abstract

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has the potential to become a truly quantitative spectroscopic method, but this goal remains constrained by the extreme sensitivity of the signal to nanoscale plasmonic environments. In colloidal systems, the measured response is determined not only by analyte concentration, but also by nanoparticle number density, colloidal stability, probe−surface interactions, and the balance between transient and persistent interparticle coupling. Here, we provide evidence that nonlinear SERS amplification in colloidal gold suspensions may arise from two fundamentally different regimes. In stable dispersions, the signal increase would be consistent with the formation of dynamic hot spots associated with Brownian-motion-driven transient near-contact nanoparticle configurations. In contrast, when the molecular probe perturbs colloidal stability, the enhancement becomes dominated by aggregation-induced hot spots, followed by signal loss as aggregation progresses and active clusters precipitation from suspension. These findings suggest that similar intensity trends may arise from distinct physical mechanisms with very different analytical consequences. Distinguishing dynamic from aggregation-induced hot spots is therefore essential for the correct interpretation of colloidal SERS data and for advancing SERS toward robust and reliable quantitation.