Mass Spectrometry-Based Omics: An Integrated Framework for Analytical Quality, Data Integrity, and Biological Interpretation

Abstract

Results obtained with mass spectrometry-based omics depend on every stage of the work, from sample collection to data processing. Quality guidance exists for individual omics fields and for individual stages, but it rarely states when a dataset is ready for statistical analysis or how far its interpretation may go. We present a step-by-step protocol for proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, glycomics/glycoproteomics, and metallomics that brings existing recommendations and international standards together in six steps: (1) defining the intended use and the target claim, (2) checking that each specimen is fit for analysis, (3) preparing samples and acquiring data under control, (4) checking the dataset before release, (5) analysing and interpreting the data, including the use of tools based on artificial intelligence, and (6) verifying the findings and reporting. For each step, the protocol lists the required input, the actions to be taken, a checkpoint with acceptance criteria set in advance, the corrective action to be taken when the criteria are not met, and the record to be kept. Five claim levels show which conclusions the collected evidence supports. Separate criteria are given for qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative studies, and numerical values from the literature are offered as starting points that each laboratory should replace with its own limits. The protocol can be used as a practical guide for planning, carrying out, and reporting omics studies and for deciding when a finding needs further verification.