A critical review of stone powder in cementitious materials for construction applications

Abstract

Cement is extensively used in construction and is one of the major contributors to global CO2 emissions, thus sustainable alternatives are required. This study investigates the use of stone powder as partial replacement of cement to improve performance and reduce environmental impacts. The literature from the leading academic sources was reviewed and evaluated using empirical data, statistical analysis, and multi-scale characterization. The work encompasses a thorough evaluation of fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties using advanced methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and thermogravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG). The studied parameters include compressive strength (28–52 MPa), tensile strength (2.5–4.5 MPa), slump (65–105 mm), density (2300–2460 kg/m3), and water absorption (0.8–4.5%). The parameters were statistically analyzed and variability was estimated with coefficient of variation (COV) of 15–20%. Microstructural studies show a decrease in pore sizes to less than 0.05 µm and a reduction in interfacial transition zone thickness from 40 µm to 15–20 µm at optimum replacement levels. The results show that the addition of 5–15% stone powder leads to a 5–12% increase in strength and durability. This study significant contribution to the sustainable development goals 12, 13 and 11 by improving resource efficiency, reducing emissions and encouraging sustainable infrastructure development.