Associations Between Childhood Sadness and Romantic Relationship Satisfaction in Emerging Adulthood: A Mixed-Methods Exploration Considering Wellbeing and Emotional Dysregulation

Abstract

There has been extensive research on childhood adverse experiences and their impact on interpersonal relationships. However, most studies have focused on trauma or abuse, and on peer or familial relationships; research examining childhood sadness in relation to romantic relationship satisfaction (RRS) in emerging adulthood remains limited. This study, using a mixed methods approach, examines whether childhood sadness is associated with RRS, considering adult wellbeing and emotional dysregulation. In the quantitative component, 217 participants (39 men, 18%; 178 women, 82%; Mage = 21.13, SD = 2.09) were recruited via an online survey using convenience sampling and completed measures of childhood sadness, emotional dysregulation, adult wellbeing, and RRS. Results showed that higher childhood sadness was associated with lower RRS through adult wellbeing. Emotional dysregulation did not independently account for this association; however, exploratory analyses suggested an ordered pattern in which childhood sadness was associated with emotional dysregulation, which was in turn associated with adult wellbeing, and subsequently RRS. In the qualitative component, six participants (2 males, 4 females; Mage = 22.5 years) were recruited using a combination of opportunistic and purposive sampling and completed semi-structured interviews exploring the perceived impact of childhood sadness. Thematic analysis identified four key themes: understanding childhood sadness, emotional dysregulation as a barrier, adult emotional consequences, and romantic relationship challenges. Together, these findings advance understanding of how childhood sadness, adult wellbeing, and emotional dysregulation are associated with RRS, and highlight the potential value of early interventions supporting emotional development and later wellbeing and relationship satisfaction. Directions for future research are also discussed.