Combined application between remediation and bioremediation enhances soil xenobiotics decontamination

Abstract

Atrazine (ATZ) is a herbicide extensively used in Brazilian agriculture, yet its environmental persistence poses severe risks to soil health and non-target organisms. This perspective article proposes an integrated remediation strategy combining biochar (BC), Canavalia ensiformis L., and Pseudomonas spp. We hypothesise that this tripartite system offers superior decontamination efficiency compared to individual use. Functionally, BC acts as a physicochemical buffer: its high porosity and aromatic structures adsorb ATZ, thereby reducing immediate phytotoxicity and providing a structural refugium for microbial colonisation. Concurrently, C. ensiformis enhances the rhizosphere by releasing root exudates that help sustain Pseudomonas populations. In turn, these bacteria employ specific enzymatic pathways to mineralise bioavailable ATZ into innocuous by-products (e.g. CO2, $$\text{NH}^{+}_{4}$$ ) while promoting plant growth through nutrient solubilisation. Evidence from the literature suggests that the combined application of these elements should enhance soil decontamination, resulting in greater xenobiotic degradation and improved remediation efficiency. This perspective highlights the relevance of integrated remediation strategies as robust tools for mitigating xenobiotic persistence in agricultural soils.