Conceptions of Calling: A Four Generation Inquiry

Abstract

Recent research on the concept of calling has expanded, yet differences in how various generational cohorts conceptualize calling remain underexplored. This study employed qualitative and descriptive methods to examine definitions of calling among working adults and college students across three generational cohorts: Baby Boomers ( n = 117), Generation X ( n = 80), and Generation Z ( n = 295). Qualitative analysis revealed three consistent themes: fit/well-being, guiding force, and altruism, demonstrating a shared, three-dimensional understanding of calling across generations and aligning with prior Millennial findings. However, notable differences were found. Generation Z participants were more likely to define calling narrowly, emphasizing work-related meanings, in contrast to broader interpretations from older cohorts. These generational distinctions may reflect evolving perceptions of calling and highlight the importance of understanding how such views influence career development. Limitations, future directions, and implications for career counseling are discussed.