Effects of ‘no safe level’ and ‘cutting down’ alcohol messages on problem recognition, defensive processing, and self-efficacy in heavy drinkers: a randomized experimental study

Abstract

This study tested a no safe level of alcohol consumption message on psychological outcomes relevant to drinking behaviour, compared with a gain-framed benefits of cutting down message. Adults drinking at risky or harmful levels (AUDIT-C ≥ 5; N = 485) were randomised to one of three messages: Control (n = 165), No Safe Level (n = 163), or Cutting Down (n = 157). Outcomes included problem recognition, defensive processing (message derogation, fear), risk recognition and self-efficacy. Compared with the control, the No Safe Level message increased problem recognition (standardised mean difference = 0.22, 95% confidence interval [0.03, 0.41]), elicited stronger fear (0.92, [0.73, 1.11]), and greater derogation (0.89, [0.69, 1.09]), but reduced self-efficacy (−0.23, [−0.43, −0.02]). The Cutting Down message modestly increased fear (0.30, [0.10, 0.49]) and reduced self-efficacy (−0.28, [−0.48, −0.08]) but had little effect on problem recognition or derogation. Neither message affected risk recognition. Direct comparison showed No Safe Level generated more fear and derogation than Cutting Down, but effects on problem recognition were uncertain. No moderation by drinking level was found. Overall, the No Safe Level message prompted mixed psychological responses, suggesting further attention is warranted to determine exactly what public health goals such messages may assist.