Non-profit work of the future? Scientific considerations of AI deployment in sectors with limited resources

Abstract

Purpose This paper aims to examines how artificial intelligence (AI) can be meaningfully implemented in non-profit and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operating under resource constraints. This study explores how AI may contribute to efficiency gains and workload reduction while preserving the mission-driven and relational character of social work. This study also addresses barriers such as financial limitations, lack of technical expertise and ethical concerns, situating NGO digital transformation within broader debates on the common good and sociotechnical change. Design/methodology/approach The mixed-methods project KINiro (AI for NGOs), funded by the German Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, used a sequential qual → QUAN → qual design. Data were gathered through a scoping review, exploratory interviews (n = 5), an online survey (n = 335) and in-depth expert interviews (n = 10). Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively; qualitative data were coded using Kuckartz’s content analysis. The results provide a comprehensive picture of current AI adoption, expectations and challenges within German NGOs. Findings Most NGOs are in the early stages of AI adoption. Around 60% have experimented with AI, mainly for writing support, translation and research. Of organizations, 45.1% reported occasional AI use, 14.8% regular use and 7.6% planned future use. Perceived benefits include automation of routine tasks and resource conservation. Concerns center on data protection, loss of control and “dehumanization” of social interaction. Overall, AI evokes ambivalence – simultaneously hope for relief and fear of ethical risks. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study are based on German NGOs and may not fully generalize internationally. Further comparative research is needed to assess cross-cultural differences in AI acceptance and governance. Practical implications Results highlight the need for targeted funding, digital roadmaps and participatory implementation processes involving employees and volunteers to ensure sustainable AI integration. Social implications Ethically aligned AI use can strengthen civil-society organizations by enhancing efficiency without undermining human-centered values, thus supporting democratic and social participation. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study provides one of the first empirical analyses of AI in NGOs, integrating ethical, organizational and resource perspectives. This study contributes to computer ethics by framing NGO digitalization as a sociotechnical and common-good issue rather than a purely technological challenge.