Worldwide Changes in Loneliness Among Older Adults From 1997 to 2025: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Abstract

Objectives: Loneliness is a critical psychosocial factor associated with mental health and wellbeing in later life. Although prior research has documented its prevalence, less is known about how loneliness has changed over time at a global level or how broader societal conditions shape these trends. This study examined long-term changes in loneliness among older adults and their associations with macro-level indicators. Methods: A systematic search of 10 databases identified 125 studies ( N = 107,304) published between 1997 and 2025. Cross-temporal meta-analysis was conducted to assess trends in loneliness and its associations with societal indicators. Results: Overall loneliness among older adults showed a modest decline over time ( d = −0.331), with significant regional variation. Loneliness decreased in Asia and North America but increased in Europe, where levels were highest. No significant overall gender differences were observed, although women showed a slightly greater decline. Higher GDP per capita, life expectancy, and old-age dependency ratio were associated with lower loneliness, whereas unemployment was associated with higher loneliness. The influence of female labor force participation changed over time. Discussion: Over the past three decades, loneliness among older adults has generally improved, though regional and gender disparities persist in this trend, which remains closely linked to multiple macro-level social indicators. Future policy formulation must account for regional variations and the long-term effects of social change, promoting more targeted psychological support systems for older adults to effectively enhance their mental wellbeing and quality of life.