State-of-the-Art Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Systems Technology: Survey and Recommendations for Effective Deployments

Abstract

Abstract In 2023, the World Health Organization reported approximately 1.19 million road traffic deaths annually, with over half involving vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. Vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) systems promise to improve pedestrians’ safety by providing warnings to both pedestrians and vehicles regarding each other’s presence using connectivity. However, few V2P systems are available for widespread deployment. This paper examines the state-of-the-art in V2P systems and their components, and outlines what has been accomplished—and what still needs to be accomplished—for such systems to be able to reduce pedestrian crashes. The article reviews the following components of V2P systems: methods to detect and track pedestrians, pedestrian trajectory prediction, and the way to convey warning messages through interfaces, including the audio and visual elements found in V2P systems. Determining pedestrians’ locations and predicting their trajectory are two of the most significant challenges for effective deployment. To ensure effectiveness before deployment, pedestrian detection algorithms should be evaluated using real-world data sets, which should include a variety of scenarios. Also, a common set of performance metrics and threshold values is needed to evaluate these systems.