Prevalence and predictors of HBsAg and anti-HCV co-seropositivity among inmates in two Nigerian correctional centres

Abstract

The correctional facilities present an environment of high risk for transmission of infections and yet the data on the serological evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Nigeria prisons remain limited. The seroprevalence and determinants of HBV, HCV and their co-infection among inmates in two selected correctional facilities in North-Central Nigeria was assessed. A cross-sectional study through convenience sampling was conducted among 500 inmates (300 from OkeKura, Kwara State, and 200 from Kontagora, Niger State). Sociodemographic, incarceration-related, and behavioral data were collected using a structured questionnaire while blood samples were analyzed for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies using ELISA. Bivariate analysis was performed using chi-square tests, and variables with p < 0.2 were included in multivariable logistic regression to identify independent predictors. The study recorded an overall seroprevalence of 42.2%, 17.4%, and 9.4% for HBV, HCV, and HBV–HCV co-seropositivity respectively, with significantly higher rates observed in Kontagora. Significant predictors of infection included duration of incarceration, alcohol use, tattooing, and blood transfusion while the study site was the strongest determinant across all outcomes. The awareness of hepatitis transmission and vaccination coverage among respondent were low. This study reveals a high burden of HBV infection, HCV exposure and there co-seropositivity in Nigerian correctional facilities, driven by facility-level factors and cumulative exposure risks. Targeted interventions, including routine screening, vaccination, harm reduction, and linkage to care, are urgently needed to reduce transmission and support hepatitis elimination efforts.