A Scoping Review of Virtual Reality in Blue Space Research

Abstract

This study aims to systematically review the current applications and development trends of virtual reality (VR) technology in blue space research. It clarifies the main research methods, technical pathways, application scenarios, and existing knowledge gaps, and integrates the advantages of VR technology with the characteristics of blue spaces to provide references for future urban renewal and urban management research. Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, this study searched literature published up to January 2026 in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. A total of 41 original studies were included. A scoping review approach was adopted, employing descriptive statistics, cross-analysis, and classification methods. Existing studies mainly focus on blue space types such as rivers and lakes, with immersive head-mounted displays as the primary method. Most experiments adopt single session, short term exposure designs, suggesting potential positive effects of virtual blue spaces in reducing stress, improving mood, and restoring attention. Other studies demonstrate the application of VR technology in environmental education, design assessment, and urban management within blue spaces. As an indirect exposure and supplementary intervention tool, VR shows significant potential in blue space research, particularly in supporting vulnerable populations, large-scale urban planning and design assessment, and risk management. However, current research still faces several limitations, including insufficient multisensory integration, limited capability in simulating dynamic water environments, lack of methodological standardization, uneven sample distribution, absence of longitudinal studies, and weak interactive and social dimensions. The findings highlight the need for further research on these specific aspects.