Shape speaks loud: a geometric morphometric perspective on veterinary osteology

Abstract

Geometric morphometrics has created a significant field in the study of skeletal variation in veterinary osteology by providing a robust framework for investigating shape variation. This technique allows for the analysis of anatomical structures in a variety of biological contexts. This review examines the extant literature, demonstrating how dietary consistency and biomechanical structure significantly shape and often lead to intergenerational morphological changes. The investigation further explores the function of locomotion strategies, including habitat preference and diversity, in the context of the skeletal system. The merits of geometric morphometric analysis are evident in its capacity to facilitate species identification and close relative discrimination in scenarios where conventional methods encounter constraints. The utilisation of geometric morphometric analysis offers distinct advantages in ontogenetic studies, allometric scaling in morphology, and the consideration of developmental constraints. Additionally, it provides a framework for investigating sexual dimorphism and variations in shape across varied species and anatomical regions. From a clinical and welfare perspective, geometric morphometrics provides a powerful framework for orthopaedic surgical planning, detection of pathological changes, phenotyping in animal models, and translational research. Finally, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered automation and high-resolution imaging is also being reviewed in studies. These developments position geometric morphometrics as an indispensable method for integrating form, function, and health in veterinary research.