3D-printed nanoparticle-encapsulated alginate carriers for breast cancer modeling, diagnosis, and precision therapy

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, with approximately 2.3 million new cases and 685,000 deaths reported annually. Projections indicate that the global burden will exceed 6 million cases by 2050, underscoring the necessity for innovative research models and therapeutic strategies. Conventional 2D cultures and animal models frequently fail to replicate the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), hindering effective clinical translation. This review examines nanocarrier-enabled alginate 3D bioprinting as a revolutionary platform for breast cancer research. Alginate is a preferred biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, rapid ionic gelation, and shear-thinning properties, which support diverse techniques like extrusion and coaxial bioprinting. By incorporating drug-loaded nanocarriers (e.g., niosomes, nanoparticles) into alginate-based bioinks, these systems provide localized, stimuli-responsive drug release and mimic physiological gradients. These 3D models facilitate advanced studies on invasion, spheroid formation, and therapeutic resistance with high phenotypic fidelity. Furthermore, they enhance treatment efficacy through targeted ROS generation, radiotherapy sensitization, and multimodal therapies. Ultimately, these bioprinted scaffolds offer a scalable, repeatable method for personalized diagnosis and drug screening, bridging the gap toward effective clinical adoption.