Laser-Induced Graphene Electrochemical Sensors for Rapid and Portable Environmental Pollutant Detection

Abstract

Environmental pollution is a major global challenge that adversely affects human health, biodiversity, and ecosystems. In this regard, the development of portable and wearable sensing technologies has become increasingly important for real-time, on-site monitoring of environmental pollutants. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has recently emerged as a promising carbon nanomaterial distinguished by its porous architecture, high conductivity, and exceptional electrochemical performance. Its ability to immobilize diverse biological and chemical probes has established LIG as a powerful platform for next-generation portable sensors. This study outlines recent advances in LIG electrodes used in portable and wearable electrochemical devices, with a particular focus on the functionalization of electrode materials and their application in detecting environmental pollutants. The advancement of LIG electrodes is thoroughly examined through various surface functionalization techniques, including the incorporation of polymers, metal nanoparticles, and metal complexes. Moreover, the review explores the practical implementation of LIG-based electrochemical platforms for quantifying and detecting pesticides, phenolic compounds, antibiotic residues, and heavy metals. Finally, it outlines existing limitations and emerging challenges in translating LIG technologies into fully portable and wearable systems, and proposes future research directions to accelerate their deployment in real-world environmental monitoring.