SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IN THE TVM FRAMEWORK Derivation of Entropy from the Transformation Mechanism and Hierarchy of Levels – with Explanation of the Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry and Complete Quantum Boundaries – from the First Principles of the Theory of Time Modulation and the Established Initial State of the Universe

Abstract

ABSTRACT In standard physics, the Second Law of Thermodynamics () applies to systems with constant volume and uniform time. TVM shows that in cosmological scales, where space expands and time slows down, entropy must be defined through two prisms: absolute (distance from the initial state) and relative (density of remaining transformations). The work introduces four fundamental entities: Space (), Time (), Energy () and Mass (). The initial state contains three entities (). With the first fluctuation, Mass emerges from Energy (), and the system then evolves toward the final state () in which Time slows down () and Energy transforms into Mass (). In the discrete moment of transformation itself (which has no temporal duration, ), Time () and Space () do not participate as active dimensions because this is a purely quantum boundary. At this intersection point, only Energy () and Mass () are present, whereby the transformation mechanism reduces to its primary conservation relation . This reduction to two entities ( and ) at the moment of transformation explains why and why is the minimum uncertainty bound. Absolute entropy is defined as (since ). Relative entropy is , where is the total number of transformations. The work derives the fundamental relation between thermodynamics and quantum mechanics: . This relation gives the complete Heisenberg picture: corresponds to stationarity (), and to transformation (). The work also explains the matter-antimatter asymmetry ( would change fundamental constants), black holes as local equivalents of the final state. TVM does not negate the Second Law – it extends it to systems with variable volume and time modulation.