Comparison of Lifestyle Factors, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Among Female Chinese University Students With and Without Normal Weight Obesity

Abstract

Aims Normal weight obesity (NWO), which refers to individuals with a normal body mass index (BMI) but an excessive body fat percentage (BF%), is associated with metabolic disorders. Despite its high prevalence among Chinese female university students, research on lifestyle, particularly diet, in this population remains limited. We investigated any differences in these factors between students categorized as NWO and non-NWO. Methods The cross-sectional study comprised 70 female university students aged 18-23 years. Participants were classified as NWO (BMI: 18.5-23.9 kg/m², BF%: ≥20% in male individuals, ≥30% in female individuals) or non-NWO (BMI: 18.5-23.9 kg/m², BF%: <20% in male individuals, <30% in female individuals). Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake (via dietary records), and physical activity were assessed. Dietary intake assessment utilized food photographs, weighed portions, and detailed ingredient tracking. Nutrient composition was analyzed using the Chinese and Japanese food composition tables. Statistical analyses compared dietary composition, physical activity, and lifestyle behaviors between groups. Results Total energy intake did not differ between the groups. However, snack calorie intake differed between the NWO and non-NWO groups. Additionally, snack calorie ratio (%) tended to differ between them. Both groups had comparable total physical activity and sedentary time. Conclusion Snack volume and pattern of consumption should be addressed to prevent NWO among Chinese female university students.