Analysis of the impact of socioeconomic factors on access to veterinary services among small ruminant farmers in Kindia Prefecture, Republic of Guinea

Abstract

Abstract Background Access to veterinary services is essential for livestock productivity, animal health, and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. In Guinea, access to these services remains constrained by multiple socioeconomic and structural barriers. This study aimed to assess factors associated with access to veterinary services among small-ruminant farmers in Kindia Prefecture using both conventional statistical analyses and a systems thinking approach. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 small-ruminant farmers in Kindia Prefecture, Guinea. Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered through face-to-face interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multivariable logistic regression. A systems thinking framework was also applied through the development of a rich picture and a causal loop diagram to explore interactions and feedback mechanisms influencing access to veterinary services. Results Access to veterinary services was influenced by a combination of socioeconomic and structural factors. Half of the respondents had no formal education (50.33%), and most households reported annual incomes between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Guinean Francs (63.0%). Veterinary service utilization was reported by 58.0% of respondents. Major barriers included distance to veterinary services, poor road infrastructure, limited availability of veterinary drugs, and financial constraints. Systems analysis identified reinforcing feedback loops that perpetuate limited access and low livestock productivity, as well as balancing loops through which improved veterinary service access can enhance animal health, productivity, and household income. In the multivariable logistic regression model, availability of veterinary drugs showed the strongest positive association with access to veterinary services (AOR = 2.76; 95% CI 1.64–4.65; p < 0.001). Higher income, access to credit or savings, higher educational level, larger herd size, and better road infrastructure were also positively associated with veterinary service utilization, whereas greater distance to veterinary services was negatively associated with access. Conclusion Access to veterinary services in Kindia Prefecture is shaped by interconnected socioeconomic, geographic, and service-related factors. Improving the availability of veterinary drugs, reducing geographic and financial barriers, strengthening rural infrastructure, and enhancing farmers’ capacity may contribute to improved veterinary service utilization, livestock health, and rural livelihoods. Systems thinking provides valuable insights into the complex interactions influencing access and can support the design of more integrated and sustainable interventions.