Physics & Spacearticle2026-08-02

Dark Energy and Dark Matter: The Physics of the Sub-Quantum Layer

Open access0 citations

Abstract

This study treats dark energy and dark matter not as particles but as pre-particle phase records; for each phase — the planckon (d0), d1, d2, d3 — it writes down the definition, the structure equations, the properties and the interaction equations (equation tablets D0–D3). All equations obey two writing rules: time is not a dimension — evolution is written only as a tick-difference; the geometry is doublingby-2 cubic geometry — scale steps advance by doubling, and units are counting units. Physics splits into three layers: first formation (the sub-quantum formation ladder), quantum particle formation (patterns on the d3 fabric: charge, mass, spin) and the physics of matter. The valence theorem grades interaction by the triple “anchor + open end + pattern”: the planckon has no anchor; d1 is closed — its only contact is a holonomy phase; d2 carries a single open face; d3 is a saturated cube — force is the work of the embroidery, not of the fabric. The quantumness ladder builds the steps pre-phase → phaseonly → field → full quantum field theory; the constitution equation is M0. The Locked String Theorem makes d1 dark energy: its record opens with the cell (w = −1), its tension is written in the ledger — isotropy is a theorem. d2 is surface matter: canonical conjugacy is born here; it has no winding — the emptiness of particle searches is a structural prediction. The FRW computation of the climb chain yields freeze-out structurally: with a single coupling ratio the dark matter–baryon partition comes out as 5.28, the Planck triple returns at the section, and dark energy settles into an exponential law as the closed share of the climb. The closing thesis: these tablets are the foundation of the quantum — phase, state space, canonical conjugacy, time, unitarity and probability are born step by step on the ladder; quantum mechanics is the upper floor of the ladder. The text closes with pre-registered predictions and death conditions.

// Source

View paper (DOI)Open access versionOpenAlexZenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)Published 2026-08-02

Authors: Hamdi Barut