Thresholds of Temperature UpperLower Bound and Distinction between Equivalent Temperature under the PhotonOrigin Theory

Abstract

Classical thermodynamics and modern astrophysics have long maintained a onesided view: temperature possesses a strict lower bound defined by absolute zero while lacking a physical upper limit, such that cosmic hightemperature values may rise without restriction. This paradigm has persisted for a century without rigorous critical examination. Its root cause lies in the persistent failure of mainstream academia to strictly distinguish the physical nature of real temperature of material particles from photonderived equivalent temperature, leading to fundamental conceptual confusion. Based on the core framework of the PhotonOrigin Theory, this paper incorporates ultrahighenergy gammaray observation data from LHAASO, experimental results from Brookhaven heavyion collision measurements, and evolutionary logic for compact blackhole objects to establish a novel rule governing cosmic temperature boundaries. The real physical temperature of any material system has an absolute upper limit fixed at two trillion degrees Celsius. Once the internal energy accumulation of a system reaches this critical threshold, all materialparticle structures formed through photon selflocking disintegrate completely, and matter reverts into free highenergy gammaray photons. Thermal motion of particles no longer exists, whereby the conventionally defined physical quantity “temperature” ceases to be valid. Extremely hightemperature values exceeding two trillion degrees reported in scientific observations represent equivalent temperatures converted from photon energy, which only indicate energy levels rather than thermal states of matter. This paper further demonstrates that conceptual confusion at this fundamental level triggers cascading systematic errors across mainstream physics, highenergy experimental studies, astrophysical research, and popularscience communication. Consequences include distorted interpretation of physical states in Brookhaven experiments, logically inconsistent blackholeevolution models, and persistent unresolved contradictions regarding mechanisms behind highenergy jet emissions. The present study corrects the centuryold misconception that “temperature has a lower bound but no upper limit”. A selfconsistent, closed framework describing ultimate cosmic temperature behaviour is constructed, providing an alternative fundamental paradigm for future investigations in highenergy physics and astrophysical evolution.