Nutritional insights in endodontics: a review of micronutrients in root canal therapy

Abstract

Purpose: Micronutrients play critical and multifaceted roles in the biological processes governing endodontic healing. This review aimed to evaluate the therapeutic roles of essential micronutrients, including vitamin D, vitamin C, calcium, zinc, magnesium, and selenium, in modulating immune responses, promoting tissue repair, and enhancing bone regeneration during endodontic healing.Current concept: The findings indicate that vitamin D supports odontoblast differentiation, immune regulation, and modulation of inflammatory pathways, whereas vitamin C enhances collagen synthesis, antioxidant protection, and pulp regeneration. Calcium and phosphorus are vital for hydroxyapatite formation and dentin mineralization, whereas zinc contributes to immune balance, enzymatic activation, and wound repair. Magnesium exhibits anti-inflammatory and bone-supportive properties, and selenium provides antioxidant and antimicrobial defense. Clinical studies have associated micronutrient deficiencies with delayed healing, increased infection risk, and reduced treatment success. Emerging innovations, such as bioactive sealants that release therapeutic minerals and diagnostic tools for nutrient profiling, highlight new directions in personalized endodontic care.Conclusion: Integrating micronutrient assessment and targeted supplementation strategies into clinical endodontic practice may optimize healing responses, minimize inflammation, and improve long-term treatment outcomes.