William & Mary

Evolution towards monomorphy leads to a loss of morph plasticity in wing polymorphic crickets

Threshold traits are widespread forms of dimorphism in which an underlying continuous liability produces discrete phenotypes once a threshold is crossed. The threshold trait model predicts that phenotypic variation will be observed only when the distribution of liability spans th...

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects with survival outcomes via a deep survival learner

Abstract Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects in survival settings is complicated by right censoring as well as the time-varying nature of the estimand. While the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) provides a natural target, most existing approaches focus on a sing...

Large Language Models for Code Generation from Multilingual Prompts: A Curated Benchmark and a Study on Code Quality

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform differently on identical tasks when prompted in different languages—a phenomenon known as language bias. Although well-documented for general text generation, the extent to which language bias affects code generation quality and programming co...

Rectifying market externalities via AI policymaking

Abstract Traditional competitive markets do not account for negative externalities; indirect costs that some participants impose on others, such as the cost of over-appropriating a common-pool resource (which diminishes future stock, and thus harvest, for everyone). Quantifying a...

From Data-Model Fit to Model-World Fit: A Framework for Integrating Domain Knowledge into Artificial Intelligence

Machine-learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) systems often perform well in controlled settings but fail when deployed in the real world. These failures stem from a fundamental problem: ML/AI models optimize data-model fit by increasing statistical performance on training d...

Genetic and behavioural repertoires support olfactory communication in wild capuchin monkeys

Olfaction is a key sense for many mammals, but its role in the social lives of anthropoid primates (monkeys, apes, humans) is poorly understood. Studies of chemosensory receptor genes and olfactory behaviours can provide insight into the evolution and function of olfaction across...

Reconsidering Network-Distance Effects in Spatial Segregation Measurement

Recent advances in spatial data and routing algorithms allow researchers to define the areas surrounding individuals using network distance rather than Euclidean distance. These differently constructed local environments then serve as inputs to spatial segregation measures, with...

Neural Probabilistic Circuits: Enabling Compositional and Interpretable Predictions Through Logical Reasoning

Abstract End-to-end deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success across various domains but are often criticized for their lack of interpretability. While post hoc explanation methods attempt to address this issue, they often fail to accurately represent these black-box...

Toward Explaining Large Language Models in Software Engineering Tasks

Recent progress in Large Language Models (LLMs) has substantially advanced the automation of software engineering (SE) tasks, enabling complex activities such as code generation and code summarization. However, the black-box nature of LLMs remains a major barrier to their adoptio...

Geometry of essential matrix ranges and the Smith–Ward problem for operator systems

Abstract A ‐tuple of bounded linear selfadjoint operators acting on an infinite‐dimensional separable Hilbert space is said to have the Smith–Ward property if the identity map of the image of the operator system in the Calkin algebra has a completely positive lift. In this paper,...

Are Redistricting No-Split Rules Neutral? Post-2020 Ohio as a Case Study

The enforcement of city- and county-preserving “no-split” rules in redistricting can complicate estimations of the expected partisan seat splits and responsiveness of neutral map drawing, even creating the impression that these nominally partisan-blind rules favor one party. This...