IASO General Hospital

Uniportal Versus Biportal Endoscopic Unilateral Laminotomy for Bilateral Decompression in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Structured Debate and International Practice Patterns

Lumbar spinal stenosis is a common degenerative disorder that may cause neural compression, neurogenic claudication, radicular pain, and disability, particularly in the elderly; surgical decompression is established when conservative care fails. Endoscopic unilateral laminotomy f...

Inside-Out Versus Outside-In Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: A Structured Debate and International Practice Patterns

Transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) is performed by 2 techniques that differ in where the working corridor is first established: inside-out docks within the disc and works outward; outside-in establishes the corridor in the foramen, typically by foraminoplasty, and...