Google (United States)

Reviving, reproducing, and revisiting Axelrod’s second tournament

Abstract Direct reciprocity, typically studied using the Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma ( IPD ), is central to explaining cooperation. In the 1980s Robert Axelrod ran two computer tournaments in which Tit for Tat ( TFT ) emerged as the winner. Yet the archival record is incomplete:...

Galactic Seed Engine Theory: A Mechanical Fluid-Dynamic Model of Galactic Evolution

The Galactic Seed Engine Theory (GSET) provides a placeholder-free alternative to mainstream cosmological models by replacing abstract patches—such as dark matter halos and gravitational singularities—with localized, self-regulating fluid-dynamic and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) loo...

Galactic Seed Engine Theory: A Mechanical Fluid-Dynamic Model of Galactic Evolution

The Galactic Seed Engine Theory (GSET) provides a placeholder-free alternative to mainstream cosmological models by replacing abstract patches—such as dark matter halos and gravitational singularities—with localized, self-regulating fluid-dynamic and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) loo...

Beyond RMSE: The GEDI imputed waveform product minimizes artificial homogeneity evident in existing global forest height maps

The models that produce most existing forest height maps minimize mean individual prediction errors quantified by metrics such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). However, when predictor data do not explain all height variability in the training sample, this objective function lead...