Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

Cloud vertical structure across China from a national Ka-band cloud radar network: thermodynamic, dynamical, and land-surface controls

Abstract. Cloud vertical structure plays a central role in regulating Earth’s radiation balance and hydrological cycle, yet it remains poorly represented in weather and climate models due to limited high-resolution observations. Using a newly established national network of 80 Ka...

Warm-sector heavy rainfall over the eastern China plains: identification, characteristics, and precursor dynamic signals

Abstract. Warm-sector heavy rainfall (WSHR) features small spatial scales, posing critical forecast challenges, while its fractional contribution to regional heavy rainfall and its short-term precursors remain poorly quantified. Drawing on 2021–2025 warm-season (June–September) o...

A process-oriented framework for daily dynamic monitoring of summer maize drought: From meteorological stress to agricultural impact

CONTEXT The progression of crop drought from meteorological deficit to agricultural damage is a continuous, stage-specific process. However, prevailing drought monitoring approaches, including single-type indices (e.g., SPI) and integrated composite indices (e.g., CDI), either fa...

Adaptive observation weighting in TCKF1D-Var for ground-based multi-sensor thermodynamic retrievals prior to nocturnal heavy precipitation over China

Abstract. Ground-based microwave radiometers (GMWRs) and Mie–Raman lidars (MRLs) provide valuable thermodynamic observations for atmospheric profiling, but conventional variational retrieval frameworks typically rely on static observation weighting assumptions that may not adequa...

Characteristics and Ambient Conditions of Mesoscale Convective Systems Moving Offshore in the Yangtze‐Huai River Basin, East China

Abstract This work for the first time studies the characteristics and environment conditions of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that move offshore (i.e., land to sea, LS) in the Yangtze‐Huai River Basin (YHRB), East China. In the warm season (April–September), LS MCSs account...

Small bias, large errors: a dual-perspective evaluation of numerical model near-surface wind direction over beijing megacity

Abstract Accurate surface wind fields are essential for understanding moisture transport and heavy rainfall forecasts, yet the ability of kilometer-scale numerical models to capture wind direction over heterogeneous surfaces remains poorly quantified. Using the EARS1km reanalysis...

Evaluation for Optimal Model Selection and Bias-Corrected Projections of Daytime and Nighttime Extreme Heat in China Using the SimmEX Dataset

Global warming has intensified extreme heat events, posing growing climate risks. As a climate-sensitive region, China has experienced compound daytime and nighttime extreme heat, threatening health, ecosystems, and socioeconomic development. Accurate projections of future extrem...

Impacts of South Asian aerosol inflow over Mount Qomolangma on downstream cloud–precipitation processes through a long-range ice-crystal “seeding” effect

Mount Qomolangma (MQ) serves as a natural laboratory for investigating aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Using satellite and comprehensive ground-based observations, we identify pronounced ice-cloud activation associated with transported exog...

Capturing Typhoon Rapid Intensification and Abrupt Recurvature Using an IAU‐Based 4DVar Scheme

Abstract Dynamic imbalances in model initialization severely constrain the predictability of the rapid intensification (RI) and abrupt track recurvature of tropical cyclones (TCs). In this study, the effectiveness of an incremental analysis update (IAU)‐based four‐dimensional var...

Dampened Diurnal Cycles of Hot‐Wet Extremes in Urban Areas Contrast With Thermally Driven Daytime Stress in Rural Landscapes of Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei Region

Abstract Hot‐wet extremes (HWEs) are intensifying in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, but their fine‐scale diurnal urban–rural contrasts remain unclear. Using summer observations from 1,962 automatic weather stations during 2016–2024, we identify threshold‐exceeding HWE days and...

An online spectral nudging-based correction system: improving physical model forecasts by incorporating large-scale circulations derived from machine learning models

The development of traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) relies on continuous advances in observation technology, data assimilation methods, numerical and parameterization algorithms, and the steady growth of computational resources, resulting in lengthy development cycl...

CRUX-1.0: an automatic GHG and Ozone observation system for inland Antarctica Plateau

Abstract. Antarctic inland regions, as critical hubs for global climate change monitoring, suffer from a lack of reliable long-term greenhouse gas (GHG) observation systems due to extremely low temperatures, strong winds, and limited logistical/energy support. To address this gap...

Analysis of urban-scale typhoon precipitation characteristics and spatiotemporal patterns: a case study of Ningbo, China

Abstract. Conventional urban-scale precipitation characterization often overlooks the uniqueness of typhoon rainfall specifically in intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relationships and rainfall patterns. This study used meteorological station observations and assimilated gridded...

Global rice methane emissions tripled over six decades amid declining emission intensity

Abstract Rice paddies are among the largest anthropogenic sources of methane (CH4), yet substantial uncertainties persist in the long-term magnitude and spatiotemporal dynamics of the emissions. Here we show a spatially explicit global estimate of rice CH4 emissions from 1961 to...

Two Modes of Self‐Organizing Development of Extreme Rainfall‐Producing Storms in South China

Abstract The convective‐scale dynamics of extreme rainstorms on monsoon coasts (South China) remain poorly understood. This study uses the advanced coupled model WRF‐Chem‐MOSAIC for a 90‐hr, 3‐km simulation, reasonably capturing the thermodynamic conditions, inhomogeneous near‐su...

Improving Radar Rainfall Estimate with Kalman Filter Based Bias Adjustment Methods

Abstract This study evaluates three real-time Kalman filter (KF) approaches—Mean Field (MKF), Site-Specific (SKF), and a novel Lagrangian (LKF)—to correct radar rainfall estimation biases. While the SKF addresses spatial heterogeneity by applying independent filters per gauge, th...

Development of a Labeled Dataset for Convection Initiation Events over China’s Central and Eastern Mainland During the Warm Season

Advances in artificial intelligence models offer promising approaches for intelligent convection initiation (CI) identification—a critical step in severe weather nowcasting—thereby driving demand for high-quality, long-term labeled datasets. Accordingly, this study develops a CI...

Impact of extreme rainstorm on the spatial distribution of population exposure in Haihe River basin in China

Abstract Based on daily rainfall data from 252 national meteorological stations in the Haihe River Basin of China during 1961–2023, rainstorm events were divided, and four characteristic variables representing the hazard index of rainstorms were statistically analyzed, including...

Contribution of Urbanization and Large‐Scale Warming to Temperature Increase From Pre‐Industrial Revolution Time to Recent Period in Central Beijing City

Abstract The annual mean Surface Air Temperature (SAT) observed during 1757–1762 in central Beijing was 3.1°C lower than that of the nearby Autonomous Weather Stations (AWS) in recent 6 years (2015–2020). The change was much larger than the averaged global warming of the past cen...

Spontaneous ChlorineGeneration via Interfacial Oxidationof Chloride by O2 on Acidic Microdroplets

Abstract Reactive chlorine species significantly influence atmospheric chemistry, yet their sources remain inadequately defined. We have discovered a spontaneous formation pathway for substantial molecular chlorine (Cl2) from the oxidation of chloride (Cl–) through interfacial ox...