Tang

The Demotion of Gauge Field Theory, the Theoretical Reconstruction of the Standard Model, and the Five-Layer Axiomatization Structure — Precursor Cascade Asymmetry, the Regime Function of the Higgs Mechanism, the Statistical Correspondence of Virtual States, and the Final Formalization of the Factor Hierarchy Law (IV)

This paper is the concluding piece of the regime audit series on the Standard Model of particle physics, completing three core missions. First, it completes the demotion of gauge field theory — demonstrating that gauge field theory is not the most fundamental framework but rather...

The Unified Field of Spreads: The China-U.S. Yield Spread as a Regime Variable in Global Asset Pricing—On the Hierarchical Structure of Institutional Interfaces and Supplements to Interest Rate Parity, the Triffin Dilemma, and Related Theories

After being identified as a cross-market pricing factor (Tang, 2026), the deeper pricing attributes of the China-U.S. yield spread have yet to be fully revealed. This paper proposes and verifies that the China-U.S. yield spread is not an ordinary pricing factor but a "regime vari...

Strange Region Discovery, Precursor Cascade, and the Transition Zone Width Theorem— Four-Tool Cross-Validation, Cascade Asymmetry Confirmation, and Mathematical Proof of the Switching Type Dichotomy(II)

Building upon the discovery of the charm and bottom regime-switching centers in Paper 14, this paper further discovers the strange region (~1.4–1.6 GeV) as the third confirmed regime center. Four tools — ICSS, MOSUM, Chow, and Bai-Perron — provide cross-validation of the strange...

Information-Theoretic Duality Between Regression Topology and Statistical Mechanics——A Data-Driven Equivalence of the Ehrenfest Classification Validated on the 2D Ising Model as the Physics Cornerstone for the Factor Hierarchy Law

This paper establishes an exact information-theoretic duality between econometric regression topology and statistical mechanics. We demonstrate that an autonomous, data-driven testability norm—grounded in the Factor Hierarchy Law, with the Quadruple Test as its specific implement...

Self-Consistency Rupture in Stellar Atmosphere Models: The Second Astronomical Empirical Case for the Factor Hierarchy Law——Evidence from Internal Cross-Validation Based on the Four-Test Method

Core Conclusions: (1) Stellar atmosphere models exhibit a structural self-consistency rupture on either side of the critical points of 4762 K and log g = 4.64. (2) The model-derived density and the independent asteroseismic density display systematic deviations across these criti...

The Anchor Shift: Reconstructing Global Exchange Rate Determination—The China-U.S. Yield Spread as a Regime Variable, with Systematic Alternatives to Interest Rate Parity, the Mundell-Fleming Model, and the Triffin Dilemma

Interest rate parity theory predicts that yield spreads determine exchange rates. This paper proposes and validates a "Dual-Anchor Exchange Rate Theory" — the global exchange rate determination system has shifted from a U.S. dollar single anchor to a China-U.S. dual anchor, with...

Dual Anchors: China-U.S. Factors Jointly Determining Global Gold and Crude Oil Pricing—Systematic Evidence Based on Exhaustive Testing with VIF Constraints

Traditional commodity pricing literature has long anchored gold and crude oil pricing to U.S.-centric variables, leaving China-linked factors systematically excluded from quantifiable pricing frameworks. This study employs a rolling regression framework with a 756-trading-day win...

The Reduction of Universality: A Regime Boundary Theory for Finite-System Phase Transitions—Cross-Model Evidence for Bimodal Splitting, the Precursor Regime Boundary, and the Tool-Dependence Theorem

Central proposition: Traditional universality is a mathematical convergence artifact of the thermodynamic limit (L→∞). In real, finite systems, regime boundaries are more fundamental physical quantities than universality classes. Using the Factor Hierarchy Law and the Testability...

The Stellar Main-Sequence Regime Boundary: Five-Dimensional Independent Verification Across the K/G Transition Zone and the Systematic Establishment of the Factor Hierarchy Law——Cross-Dimensional Integrated Evidence Based on the Testability Norms and Physical Root Tracing

Core Conclusion: Stars possess a universal "regime boundary" at temperatures of approximately 4400–5800 K (the K/G transition zone) and a surface gravity of approximately log g = 4.64. This boundary corresponds to the complete physical process of the stellar outer convection zone...

Double-Peak Splitting: The Hidden Structure of Finite-Lattice Phase Transitions in the 3D Ising Model——Verification of the Factor Hierarchy Law on an NP-Complete System: Double-Peak Splitting, Transition Regime, Piecewise Control Function, and Multi-Regime State

On the L=64 lattice of the 3D Ising model—an NP-complete problem rigorously proven to have no analytical solution—the six functional dimensions of the Testability Norms were applied, achieving the detection and classification of the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition wit...

From the Law of Meta-Laws to an Operating System for Scientific Discovery: The Axiomatized Core, Philosophical Foundation, and Testability Norms of the Factor Hierarchy Law —The Establishment of Humanity's First Proceduralized System for Scientific Discovery

This paper establishes the Factor Hierarchy Law as the first "law of meta-laws" discovered by humanity to date—it reveals the universal logic of functional stratification among variables in all complex systems grounded on objective data. Its scope of applicability far exceeds tha...

The Hierarchy of Factors: How Regime Variables Reset Market Pricing—Evidence from Exhaustive Testing Across 15 Global Equity Markets for a Factor Hierarchy Theory

The asset pricing literature has long treated all factors as parallel—inserted into the same linear equation, comparing whose coefficient is larger or more significant. This paper argues that this presumption is wrong and proposes an alternative framework: Factor Hierarchy Theory...

Testability: The Factor Hierarchy Law and Scientific Methodology for Multi-Factor Complex Systems—Complete Empirical Evidence from Global Asset Pricing, Multi-Dimensional Astronomical Verification, and First-Principles Calibration in Physics

What is the relationship among factors in any complex system driven by multiple quantifiable factors? This paper advances two core propositions. The law proposition—the Factor Hierarchy Law: Factors naturally fall into two tiers. Rule factors determine which set of rules currentl...

Regime Audit of the Standard Model of Particle Physics by the Factor Hierarchy Law— Activation Operators, Dual-Center Regimes, and Precision Locking of Charm/Bottom Quark Thresholds (I)

Is the Standard Model truly "one model"? This paper uses the Factor Hierarchy Law and Testability Norms to perform a zero-presupposition regime audit on 275 particles from the Particle Data Group (PDG) 2025 public dataset. Exhaustive testing automatically selects Mass + Spin + Is...

Gauge Group Structure Theorem, Direct Product Theorem, and the Three-Generation Proposition— The Inevitable Emergence of SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) from Regime Boundaries and the Topological Constraint on the Number of Heavy Quarks(III)

Building on the empirical findings and mathematical theorems of the previous two papers, this paper completes the theoretical derivation of the gauge group structure of the Standard Model from the Factor Hierarchy Law. The meta-regime factor (color charge) satisfies three conditi...

Interest Rates Without an Anchor: Multi-Window Percentiles, Exhaustive Testing, and the Pricing Logic of the China-U.S. Yield Spread—On the Dual-Anchor Regime and Institutional Interface Theory of Global Asset Pricing

How to determine whether a sovereign bond is “fairly valued” remains an unresolved question in fixed income research. Traditional term structure models focus on the dynamics of yields but do not address where current yields stand in their own history. This paper proposes a valuat...

The Regime Switch of Capital Flows: How the China-U.S. Yield Spread Drives Global Capital Reallocation in a Tiered Manner— Exhaustive Evidence Based on TIC Panel Data, ETF Flows, and China's Cross-Border Data

The international capital flow literature has long treated the interest rate differential as a linear, stable factor. This paper proposes instead the Regime Switch Theory of Capital Flows: the China-U.S. yield spread is a regime variable determining which side's logic dominates....