Junhua Zhang

Privatized violence and the making of public concern: the 1922 Fuyang bandit crisis in Republican China

Abstract The 1922 seizure of Fuyang, Anhui Province, by the “Old Foreigner” (Laoyangren) bandit clique exposed the catastrophic consequences of localized military privatization during the Beiyang era (1912–1928), a period marked by rapid shifts in provincial control and the absen...